How to make comparison in English Language

EXPRESSING COMPARISON

The use of the same as, as……as to show similarity;

Similarity shows things looking the same. The similarity can be expressed by using the same as, as….as.

Comparison comes from the word comparing which means things of the same kind are compared, example; if you are discussing about shoes should only be shoes. It should not be related to things which are not of the same kind. Example; relating a house and a car, or a school and market. Similarity should be of the same kind.

Examples

1.      Our house is the same as yours.

2.      Ashura’s car is the same as Amina’s car.

3.      Their president is the same as our president.

4.      My book is the same as Nyamizi’s book.

5.      My shoe is the same as yours.

6.      Asha’s ruler is the same as Juma’s ruler.

7.      My bed is the same our father’s bed.

8.      My car is the same as your father’s car.

9.      Esther’s pencil is the same as Doreen’s pencil.

10.  His behavior is the same as his father.

11.  Our school is the same as theirs.

12.  My ruler is the same as for Latifa.

13.  Mabula is the same as his father.

14.  Is Kuhaba the same as his English teacher?

15.  Bishoo’s clothes are the same as Janet’s clothes.

16.  She is foolish the same as her mother.

17.  Zalina’s clothes are the same as Esther’s clothes.

18.   Helen’s bag is the same as Esther’s bag.

19.  Joachim’s sweater is the same as David’s sweater.

20.  His house is the same as his brother’s house.

21.  Kelvin’s watch is the same as Wambura’s watch.

The use of not the same as, different from

Comparison can be shown also by using the differences.

Different is how things are not looking the same. The things to be differentiated should be of the same kind.

The words used to show differences are not the same as, or different from.

Examples

1.      My belt is different from Osman’s belt.

2.      Joshua’s bag is different from Merina’s bag.

3.      Baraka’s clothe is different from Asha’s clothes.

4.      My shoes is not the same as Mwesigwa’s shoes.

5.      Our school is different from theirs.

6.      My shirt is not the same as yours.

7.      My father’s car is different from my mother’s car.

EXERCISE

1.      Make six sentences using the word as…..as to show similarity.

2.      Make six sentences using the word different from to show differences.

The use of Adjectives to express comparison

Adjective is a word which is giving more information about the noun or pronoun.

A noun is a word which name things like people or anything. A pronoun is a word which replaces or stands instead of a noun.

Example of pronouns

He

She

They

Them

His

Her

Him

Our

It

I

There are three form / degrees of adjectives. These are;

1.      Positive adjective

2.      Comparative adjective

3.      Superlative adjective

1.      POSITIVE ADJECTIVE

Positive adjective is a type of adjective which only discuss/compare one thing. i.e is which do with one object, thing or place without comparing to another.

Examples of positive adjective are tall, short, long, lazy, beautiful, wise etc.

Examples

1.      I am tall.

2.      James is short.

3.      Neema is beautiful.

4.      He is intelligent.

5.      My ruler is long.

6.      Mwajuma is fat.

2.      COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE

Comparative adjective is another type of adjective which compare two unequal things. When comparing two things we normally use the describing word THAN and we add ER at the end of adjective to form comparatives.

The word THAN is added after the adjective.

A comparative is a word formed adjective by adding ER at their terminals endings or by attaching the word MORE with an adjective.

The ER which is always put at the end of adjective to form comparatives is called SUFFIX and the whole process of adding ER to an adjective is known as SUFFIXATION.

Examples of comparative adjective are taller, shorter, longer, wiser, lazier, fatter, etc.

Examples

1.      James is taller than Seleman.

2.      My ruler is longer than yours.

3.      Our school is better than Uhuru primary school.

4.      Kalekwa is fatter than Dorcas.

5.      Paul is lazier than Kafumu.

6.      She is more beautiful than her sister.

7.       Neema is more intelligent than Asha.

8.      Mauled is more handsome than Brighton.

3.      SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE

This is when many or more than two equal things are compared in terms of size, length, weight, height and even quality in which one among them takes the first position (wins).

It gives the best quality of the noun or pronoun.

Examples are tallest, shortest, best, longest.

Examples

1.      She is the shortest girl in our class.

2.      Juma is the strongest player in our team.

3.      My shoes is the best in our school.

4.      Our dormitory is the cleanest dormitory in the school.

There are two types of superlative degrees.

(i)                 Regular superlatives are those which end up with EST.

(ii)               Irregular superlatives are those which do not accept EST. but they take MOST with them.

NB: All superlative come after article THE.

Examples

1.      The snail is the slowest animal in the forest.

2.      Among the bicycles, motorcycles and cars are, the cars are the fastest of all.

3.      Mariam is the fattest girl in standard seven.

4.      Gatti is the weakest girl in the class.

5.      The elephant is the biggest animal in the forest.

6.      She is the ugliest girl in our school.

7.      He is the laziest boy in the family.

8.      The lion is the most dangerous animal.

9.      He is the most intelligent boy in our class.

10.  Mwanahawa is the most beautiful woman in the village.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
little food	less food	least food
many fish	more fish	most fish
Much	More	most
Good	Better	Best

The use of adjective to express/ show comparison

There are rules which are governing the formation of adjectives as follows.

1.      Any adjective word which is ending up with letter “e” in positive adjective, when comes to comparative adjective only “r” is added and in superlative only “st” is added.

Examples

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
wise	wiser	the wisest
wide	wider	the widest
ripe	riper	the ripest
nice	nicer	the nicest
fine	finer	the finest

2.      Any adjective word which is ending up with letter “y” in positive only “ier” is added for comparative adjective and “iest” for superlative.

Examples

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
lazy	Lazier	the laziest
happy	happier	the happiest
crazy	crazier	the craziest
dirty	dirtier	the dirtiest
dry	drier	the driest
noisy	noisier	the noisier
early	earlier	the earliest
easy	easier	the easiest

EXERCISE

Fill the blanks with the appropriate describing adjective.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
wide	…………...	………......
beautiful	…………...	…………..
crazy	…………...	…………..
long	…………...	…………..
tall	…………...	…………..

The use of adjectives to express / show comparison

There are some adjectives which have two syllables. A syllable is a part of the word which has one sound.

Examples the word hot has two syllables, fat has two syllables so in comparative are doubled.

Examples

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
wet	wetter	the wettest
big	bigger	the biggest
fat	fatter	the fattest
dim	dimmer	the dimmest
thin	thinner	the thinnest
hot	hotter	the hottest
slim	Slimmer	the slimmest

Also other words which are adjectives are not changing but we add other words to give more meaningful.

Examples

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
beautiful	more beautiful	the most beautiful
dangerous	more dangerous	the most dangerous
difficult	more difficult	the most difficult
popular	more popular	the most popular
famous	more famous	the most famous
exciting	more exciting	the most exciting
important	more important	the most important
interesting	more interesting	the most interesting

EXERCISE

Re-write the following sentences by using the correct form degree of adjective given in the bracket.

Example;

Joseph is (heavy) than Richard.

Joseph is heavier than Richard.

1.      Michael is the (good) boy in our class.

2.      This boy is (light) than the box of biscuits.

3.      Which is the (tall) building in Kahama?

4.      My house is (near) than yours.

5.      Which one is the (easy) way to do it?

The use of adjective forms

Re-write the following sentences using the correct adjective which is in the brackets.

Example;

The snake is (long) than the snail.

The snake is longer than the snail.

1.      A snail is the (slow) animal in the forest.

2.      Mariam is the (fat) girl in our class.

3.      The elephant is the (big) animal in the national park.

4.      The cat is (dirty) than the dog.

5.      The dog is (clean) than the cat.

6.      The aero plane is the (expensive) in the world transport system.

7.      Playing football is (easy) than playing music.

8.      English is the (easy) subject in our school.

9.      The whale has the (wide) mouth in the sea.

10.  Football is the (good) game in the world.

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Understand Active and Passive Voice in English Language sentences

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice and passive voice refers to the formation of the verb and the positioning of the subject and the object in the sentence.

1.      Active Voice: It is the describing process whereby the subject normally starts at the beginning of the sentence.

Example:         Juma is writing a letter.

                        ^Subject

                        He cooks dinner.

                        ^Subject

2.      Subject: Is a person, a thing or a concept that does the action.

       OR  Is the doer of the action.

            Example:         Juma is reading a book.

                                    ^Subject

Asha borrowed my book.

                                    ^Subject

                                    It rains heavily in March.

                                    ^Subject

3.      Passive Voice: Is the describing process whereby the object normally starts at the  beginning of the sentence and the subject is preceded with “by”.

This is a converted statement from active to passive voice whereby an object receives the result of the action in that particular sentence.

Example;

A letter is being written by Juma

^Object

Dinner is cooked by him

^Object

4.      Object: Is a person or thing which is affected by an action.

OR. Is the receiver of the action.

Example:         Juma is writing a letter.

                                                   ^Object

                        He speaks English

                                           ^Object

Note: It is not always necessary to use the “by prepositional phrase” except when it is necessary to mention the doer of the action. But in writing, it is advisable to indicate the doer.

Examples

a)      The bush is cleared (by us). This means we can say

b)      The bush is cleared

A: Active Voice

1.      Teachers teach students.

2.      We find a plot for the field preparation.

3.      We clear the bush.

4.      We cut down the big trees.

5.      We remove the trunks of the trees.

B: Passive Voice

1.      Students are taught (by teachers).

2.      A plot is found for the field preparation(by us).

3.      The bush is cleared (by us).

4.      The big trees are cut down (by us).

5.      The trunks of trees are removed (by us).

Therefore the above sentences can be constructed like that.

1.      Students are taught.

2.      A plot is found for the field preparation.

3.      The bush is cleared.

4.      The big trees are cut down.

5.      The trunks of trees are removed.

CHANGES WHICH OCCURS IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
i)                    I	ME
ii)                  HE	HIM
iii)                SHE	HER
iv)                YOU	YOU
v)                  THEY	THEM
vi)                IT	IT
vii)              WE	US

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Action verbs can be grouped into two types;

i)                    Transitive verbs

ii)                  Intransitive verbs

a)      Transitive Verbs

These are verbs that carry object. The object can be a noun or pronoun.

The transitive verbs are for example; sew, draw, build, clean etc. therefore these verbs can take objects.

Examples;        1. She sews clothes

2. He draws pictures

3. I build houses

4. Amina cleans the blackboard

Clothes, pictures, houses and blackboard are objects of the verb’s in the above sentences.

Thus, only the transitive verbs can be used to form the active and passive voice forms.

Example;

Active voice

1.      She sews clothes

2.      He draws pictures

3.      I build houses

4.      Amina cleans the blackboard.

Passive voice

1.      Clothes are sewn by her

2.      Pictures are drawn by him

3.      Houses are built by me

4.      The blackboard is cleaned by Amina

b)      Intransitive Verbs

These are verbs that cannot carry object.

Therefore the intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice.

These verbs include; cry, lie, die, stand, sit, rise, run, walk, etc.

Example

1.      She walks to school

2.      He cries every day

3.      The sun rises in the East

4.      We usually run to school and when it is still early, we walk.

5.      When we are at school, we sit down during the lesson.

Thus the above sentences with the intransitive verbs cannot be changed into the passive voice form.

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how to make $510 per month at school

How to make 40,000 tshs daily at your  school while working

A small business a teacher can do at his or her school (while working)

Due to the on going situations of Teachers life hardship caused to low salary, Loan board deduction, lack of increment and salary scales which are not upgradable in the past two years, I have came up with the list of small business in which a teacher can do or start at school so as to overcome the on going life hardship situation. In other word to these are small businesses which will increase your home income and live without depending on your salary.

The following are the list of these small business and their descriptions in brief, such as follows:-

· Selling books, pens, pencils at school. This will help you to get few cents which will make get the money for your breakfast and other need. However, as I have said earlier that, it is small businesses so do not expect to become rich, since your costumers are students.

· Selling clips of potatoes and or bananas. These clips should be packed in small size packages which will be sold for either 200 hundred shillings or lower than that price. If you will sell 200 packages per day at school then it will belike this, 200 x 200 = 40,000/= per day. There fore if you will be selling 200 packages the times 28 days you will be making ( 200 x 40,000 = 1,120,000/= But you must have a person who will work with you.

· Selling popcorn. This business is the same to the above business, there fore if you pack your popcorns into a small size packages which will be able to sell them for 200Tshs, and then able to sell out 200 packages per day, then you will be making the same money as I have already explained above. That is 1,120,000/= per month.

· Selling chapatti at school. You will also be making money if you will sell more chapatti per day, The minimum price of a single chapatti now days is 200Tshs. The imagine that you will sell 200 chapatti per day, it means that you will be making 1,120,000/= per 28 days( That is per month)

· You may also wish to sell fried bananas (one will be sold for 100tshs) boiled sweet potatoes, pancake and so on. Remember if you will sell more then you will earn more money.

· If you want to calculate just make calculations and see if it has profit, consider the availability of these products and how to prepare them.

· You may open up a school canteen and or restaurant. Opening restaurant at school depend on the school location and school environment. This is not applicable in all schools, and needs workers who will work for you and you will pay them.

Related businesses you can do at school are as follows:-

1. Opening up stationary, remember opening up the stationary need small capital as you will need to buy desk top computers, you can buy two desktop computers, if you are capable of buying two. (Minimum price for one desktop computer is 200,000 at kariakoo, Dar es Salaam). Buy camera, copier machine, you can get it for 1M. With some Points or above. Remember also to buy a camera for passport size, and also photo printer like canon selfy, which you can get for 300000tshs. Consider also buying other stationary materials and start up your business and making money at schools. The school can be your partner and you can get contract from your school and nearby schools.

2. You may also lend your motorcycle to your fellow teachers, those who wish to rush at town faster ( Boda boda)

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