These are the conjunctions which have a mutual relation; therefore they go hand in hand.
DESPITE
Is used to show that
someone or something can have something good and bad at the same time or it is
used to show that something is true although there is something to prevent it.
NB: Despite does not
carry ‘of’ so it is wrong to say – despite
of.
The use of an abstract noun is of great important
Abstract nouns; these
are nouns which we cannot see, touch, smell, hear.
Examples; illness,
sickness, sleepless, happiness etc
HOW TO USE IN SENTENCES
Examples;
1.
Suzan is active.
She is not liked by her teacher.
Using the word “the fact that”
If the sentence is
joined with the fact that. The noun is not changed such that.
Despite the fact that
Suzan is active, she is not liked by her teacher.
If the word “the fact that” is not used, the noun will change into abstractive noun.
Examples;
Despite Suzan’s
activeness, she is not liked by her teacher.
INSPITE OF
It is used to show that
someone or something can be having something good and bad at the same time.
It gives the same
meaning like that of despite.
It is wrong to write in
spite of as a word.
It can also use the
word “the fact that”
More examples
1.
He is handsome
he is not liked by girls.
Despite the fact
he is handsome, he is not liked by girls.
Despite his
handsomeness, he is not liked by girls.
2.
Mohamed is
clever. He cannot answer the question.
Despite the fact
that Mohamed is clever, he cannot answer the question.
Despite
Mohamed’s cleverness, he cannot answer the question.
EXERCISE
Join the following
sentences using Despite the fact that and Despite.
1.
He is sick. He
played the football match.
Despite the fact
that he is sick, he played the football match.
Despite his
sickness, he played the football match.
2.
He was very
lazy. He was elected a prefect.
Despite the fact
that he was lazy, he was elected a prefect.
Despite his
laziness, he was elected a prefect.
3.
He is very rich.
He does not pay school fees.
Despite the fact
that he is very rich, he does not pay school fees.
Despite his
richness, he does not pay school fees.
4.
She is good in
mathematics. She cannot draw an acute angle.
Despite the fact
that she is good in mathematics, she cannot draw an acute angle.
Despite her
goodness in mathematics, she cannot draw an acute angle
5.
He is happy.
Although he failed the exam.
Despite the fact
he is happy, he failed the exam.
Despite his
happiness, he failed the exam.
REVISION EXERCISE
Join the following
sentences by using “despite” or “in spite of” without the word “the fact that”
1.
He is clever. He
cannot compete with other pupils.
Despite his
cleverness, he cannot compete with other pupils.
2.
Joshua is weak.
He can win the races
Despite Joshua’s
weakness, he can win the races
3.
The stone is
sharp. It cannot chop the meat.
Despite the
stone’s sharpness, it cannot chop the meat.
4.
She is
beautiful. She cannot greet people.
In spite of her
beauty, she cannot greet people.
5.
He is handsome.
People don’t love him.
In spite of his
handsomeness, people don’t love him.
Join the following
sentences with the word “the fact that” use despite or in
spite of.
6.
He is short. He
can rub the black board.
Despite the fact
that he is short, he can rub the blackboard.
7.
He was ill. He
attached the meeting.
Despite the fact
that he was ill, he attended the meeting.
8.
Mashaka is sad.
He can smile to the visitors.
Despite the fact
that he was poor, he get married to her.
9.
USING THE WORD “BEING”
If the sentence uses the word “being” on joining
sentence using despite or inspite of the sentence carries no changes.
Examples
1. Juma
is a child. He can run fast.
Despite being child, Juma can run
fast.
In spite of being child, Juma can
run fast.
2. Potatoes
are sweet. I don’t like them.
Despite potatoes being sweet, I
don’t like them.
In spite of potatoes being sweet, I
don’t like them.
FORMING ABSTRACTIVE NOUNS
Adjective
|
Abstractive
|
|
1
|
wise
|
Wisdom
|
2
|
poor
|
Poverty
|
3
|
short
|
Shortness
|
4
|
dark
|
Darkness
|
5
|
sweet
|
Sweetness
|
6
|
sleepy
|
Sleepiness
|
7
|
great
|
Greatness
|
8
|
bitter
|
Bitterness
|
9
|
true
|
Truth
|
10
|
cold
|
Coldness
|
11
|
man
|
Manhood
|
12
|
child
|
Childhood
|
13
|
king
|
Kinship
|
14
|
mother
|
Motherhood
|
15
|
owner
|
Ownership
|
16
|
friend
|
Friendship
|
17
|
slave
|
Slavery
|
18
|
protect
|
Protection
|
19
|
hope
|
Hope
|
20
|
desire
|
Desire
|
21
|
reliable
|
Reliability
|
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer for the following.
1. …………….
being sick yesterday, I went to school.
A. Despite B. In spite C.Whether
D. Although
2. ………….. her beauty,
people hate her
A. Despite
B. In spite of C.As D. Although
3. He went to the farm
…………… being raining.
A. In spite B. Despite of C.Despite
D. Even if
4. ………….. the fact that
he was lazy, he was elected a prefect.
A. Despite of B. Because of C. In spite
D. In spite of
5. …………. his sickness,
he did very well in his exam.
A. In spite of B. Despite of C. Not only
D. When
Join the following
sentences using “Despite” without “the fact that”
6. He is owning a lot
of cattle. He cannot send his daughter to school.
Despite his ownership a lot of cattle, he
cannot send his daughter to school.
7. Last night was so
dark. I picked a needle
Despite last night darkness, I picked a
needle
Join the following
sentences using in spite of without the word “the fact that”.
8. Luther King is a
wise man. He cannot solve the love conflict.
In spite Luther King’s wisdom, he cannot
solve the conflict.
REVISION EXERCISE
1. He
was sick, he attended the meeting.
=In
spite of being sick he attended the meeting.
2. He
waked early, he delayed to school.
=In
spite of being waked early he delayed to school.
3. She
was very dirty, she travelled to Mwanza.
=In
spite of being dirty she travelled to Mwanza.
4. We
were very active, we failed the exam.
=In
spite of being active we failed the exam.
5. She
is very short, she has rubbed the blackboard.
=In
spite being short she has rubbed the blackboard.
REVISION
EXERCISE
Join
the following sentences using “In spite of being”
1. He
is ugly, he has got marriage to the queen’s daughter.
=In
spite of being ugly he has got marriage to the queen’s daughter.
2. He
is her best friend, he sent her into jail.
=In
spite of being her best friend he sent her into jail.
3. She
is still a child, she can reject the order from the parents.
=In
spite of being child she can reject the order from the parents.
4. He
is very poor, he has been selected to join Olympic races.
=In
spite of being poor he has selected races.
5. My
marks were good, my friend discouraged me.
=In
spite of my marks being, my friend discouraged me.
Join the following
sentences using “Despite” without words “the fact that” or being.
6. He
is a lazy farmer, he harvested a lot of crops.
=Despite
his laziness he harvested a lot of crops.
7. He
was speaking true things, he was not trusted.
=Despite
his truth things he was not trusted.
8. He
is a king of own kingdom, he cannot call upon unity.
=Despite
his kingship of own kingdom he cannot call upon unity.
9. Emmanuel’s
ownership of a computer he cannot use it.
=Despite
Emmanuel’s ownership of a computer he cannot use it.
10. The
medicine is very bitter, she has swallowed it.
=Despite
the medicine’s bitterness she has swallowed it.
(ii)
Inspite of
Is the conjunction used to show that something or
someone can have something good or bad at the same time.
NB: Inspite gives the same meaning as that of
although, though, even if and despite.
Note. It is wrong to say in spite of as one word
Example In spite of butin sects
You can say Inspite of the fact that
HOW TO USE
(a) Inspite
of + the fact that + other words (carries no changes).
Examples
He was clever, he dropped out of
the school.
=Inspite of the fact that he was
clever he dropped out of the school.
(b) In
spite of + determiner/objective pronoun + noun +other words.
Examples
He was clever, he dropped out of
the school.
=Inspite of his cleverness he
dropped out of the school.
(c) Inspite
of + being + other words.
Examples
He was clever, he dropped out of
the school.
=Inspite of being clever he dropped
out of the school.
Examples
i) He is rich. He was not elected.
-Inspite of his richness/riches, he was not elected.
-
Inspite of the fact that he was rich, he was not elected.
ii) He was clever, he dropped out
of the school.
-
He dropped out of the school Inspite of
his cleverness.
-
He dropped out of the school Inspite of
the fact that he was clever.
NB: If you don’t use the fact that an abstract noun
has to be used after Inspite of.
Examples; richness, cleverness, narrowness, as has
been shown in the examples
NO SOONER …….. THAN
Is the conjunction used to suggest/show that
something happened very soon afteranother.
We use these expressions when actions take place
very closely together.
NB: When using the conjunction No sooner…….than put
the first action in the PAST PERFECT and the second in SIMPLE PAST.
Examples
1. As
soon as the president arrived, it started raining.
=No sooner had the president
arrived than it started raining.
2. As
the teacher left the class, the children started shouting.
=no sooner had the teacher left the
class than the children started shouting.
3. The
cock crew, I got up.
=No sooner had the cock crew than I
got up.
EXERCISE
Re-write the following sentences by
beginning with No sooner……than.
1. Helen
had just finished writing a letter when I arrived.
……………………………………………………………..
2. Dr.
Chen had just performed the operation when the patient died.
…………………………………………………………………….
3. The
moon had barely appeared when it was obscured by the clouds.
……………………………………………………………………......
4. The
accused was leaving the court when he was re-arrested.
……………………………………………………………….
5. They
scored a goal when we got a penalty.
…………………………………………….
EXERCISE
Re-write the following sentences as instructed
1. He
was very unreliable but he was elected a prefect
(Begin Inspite of)
…………………………………………………………
2. Although
he is clever everybody hates him.
(Begin Despite)
…………………………………………………………
3. He
was popular but was not selected the team leader.
(Begin Inspite of)
………………………………………………………….
4. He
was great but people neglected him.
(Begin Despite)
………………………………………………………..
5. Although
he was careless he finished his experiment with good result.
(Begin Inspite)
………………………………………………………………………
6. As
soon as the enemies invaded the village the war began.
(Begin No sooner…….than)
……………………………………………………………..
7. As
soon as the match began when the spectators complied.
(Begin No sooner………than)
…………………………………………………………….
8. As
soon as he drank two glasses of milk when he felt better.
(Begin No sooner…………than)
……………………………………………………………….
9. As
soon as the headmaster appeared the class became silent.
(Begin No sooner………….than)
……………………………………………………………...
10. Although
mama Kione is poor she is contended.
(Begin Despite)
……………………………………………………..
SCARCELY…….WHEN / HARDLY……..WHEN
They are used to mean that there is almost nothing.
Examples
1. Scarcely
had the dust settled down when another accident took place.
2. Hardly
had the dust settled down when another accident took place.
3. The
cock had scarcely/hardly crown when I got up.
EXERCISE
Re-write the following sentences beginning with
Hardly………..when.
1. Matobo
had just returned when there was a knock at the door.
…………………………………………………………………
2. He
was completing his novel when he fell sick.
………………………………………………….
Re-write the following sentences by beginning with
scarcely.
3. Darkness
had not set in when the two men arrived.
…………………………………………………….
4. Mbwana
had returned to work before when fully recovered.
…………………………………………………………….
5. The
plane had just touched the runway when it burst into flames.
……………………………………………………………………
EITHER ………………..OR
Is the conjunction which is used to join sentences
which express two action but to show that one of the two action can be
fulfilled/done.
That means one of them or the other but not both and
it is used in “positive sentences”
This conjunction is used to show that one of the
thing will happen.
Examples
She wanted to print a landscape. She wanted to print
a self-portrait.
=She wanted
to print either a landscape or a self-portrait.
He must laugh. He must cry.
=He must either laugh or cry.
They must win. They must be defeated.
=They must either win or defeated.
Note: Either which is not followed by “or” can be
used to mean both.
Examples
There are flowers on both sides of the house.
=There are flowers on either sides of the house.
I can write
well using both hands.
=I can write well using either hands.
NB: When using either the “S” ending on the noun
that followed both is dropped.
Example; They
planted trees on both sides of the road.
They
planted trees on either side of the road.
NEITHER………………………NOR
Is the conjunction which is used to join sentences
which express two actions but it shows that none of the two actions can be
done.
It means that not the first or the second action can
occur and it is used in Negative Sentences”.
It is used to show that none of the two will happen.
Examples
He did not greet the visitors. He did not smile at
them.
=He neither greeted the visitors nor smiled at them.
She cannot fly. She cannot swim
=She can neither fly nor swim.
Godfrey did not go to play. Boniphace did not go to
play.
=Neither Godfrey nor Boniphace went to play.
Joyce is not having a party. David is not having a
party.
=Neither Joyce nor David is having a party.
EXERCISE
Choose the correct pair (Either………or/
Neither………..nor)
1. ………...Asha
….…. Sugi will help you with your homework. They are both busy at the moment.
2. This
is my offer. You ……..take it …….leave it.
3. When
I go to Olain hotel I will eat ……..fish ….….roast chicken. These are my
favorite meals.
4. His
father believed …………his son ………..his friend. He thought that both were lying.
5. I
need ……your help …..you compassion. I can perfectly handle my problems all
alone.
6. …………Ally
………Bonge will write the report. Just ask one of them.
7. My
grandmother can ……….read ……… write. She is illiterate.
8. You
can use ………this computer …….. the other one. Both are functioning.
EXERCISE
Begin with the sentences by using (Neither……..nor/
Either …………or).
1. My
mother does not like smoking. I don’t like smoking.
………………………………………………………….
2. Juma
has no house to live in and no job to do.
………………………………………………………
3. Maize
didn’t grow this year. Rice didn’t grow this year.
…………………………………………………………
Choose the correct answer.
4. Neither
my brother …………my mother knows about it.
A. nor B. Neither C. or
5. He
……….has a cat or a dog. I can’t remember.
A. Neither
B. Either C. nor
6. Neither
my brother ………..ready to go.
A. Or
his friend is
B. Nor
his friend
C. Nor
his friend is
7. I
am thinking of travelling to either Argentina ……….Brazil.
A. Either B. or
C. nor
8. Mkumbo
………..drinks nor smokes.
A. each B. neither C. either
ALTHOUGH
It is the conjunction used to join sentences to show
contrast. It is used to mean “but” or “however” when you are connecting on a
statement.
Although can be used the same with though/ even
though.
Though: is used more in spoken than the written. You
can use all at the beginning of a sentence that have a verb.
Examples
1. The
weather is bad. We are enjoying ourselves.
=Although the weather is bad we are
enjoying ourselves.
2. Our
country is poor. People enjoy themselves.
=Although our country is poor people
enjoy themselves
3. The
exam leaked. Few pupils passed.
=Although the exam leaked few
pupils passed.
EXERCISE
Join the following sentences using “Although”
1. Inspite
of his innocence, he was not trusted.
-
Although he was innocence he was not
trusted.
2. He
ran to the station, but he missed the train.
-
Although he ran to the station he missed
the train.
3. They
were brave, they were defeated.
-
Although they were brave they were
defeated.
4. I
was present but I was not asked for any advice.
-
Although I was present I was not asked
for any advice.
5. Pupils
complained but conductors did not change the attitude.
-
Although pupils complained conductors
did not change the attitude.
6. Karamuye
is not clever, he is a hardworking man.
-
Although Karamuye is not clever he is a
hardworking man.
7. Inspite
of the rain, we went to the farm.
-
Although it was raining we went to the
farm.
Although/though/but
Are used to show both a negative and positive ideas
in the same sentences.
Examples, Although she is beautiful, she is
unmarried.
NB: It is wrong to use although while experiencing
qualities both of which are positive or negative
Example
Although he is sick, he cannot walk (wrong).
Peter is smart although he is rich (wrong).
Note: Whenever a sentence begins with although
it must have a comma in the middle.
e.g.
Although she is beautiful, she is unmarried.
It
is wrong to use although with but in the same sentence.
e.g.
Although she is beautiful, but she is unmarried (wrong).
Note: Though can be used instead of although.
e.g.
Though she is beautiful, she is unmarried.
RESULT CLAUSES
These are clauses that show outcome of a particular
state / condition.
(i)
ENOUHG TO
Is the conjunction which is used to join sentences
which shows possibility to something.
Structure of it
N/P + A
verb/Adjective + Enough to + Verb
|
Examples
1. He
ran fast. He win the race.
-
He ran fast enough to win the race.
2. Tom
is very young he cannot go to school.
-
Tom is not old enough to go to school.
3. Debora
is clever. She will get a high grade.
-
Debora is clever enough to get a high
grade.
EXERCISE
Join the following sentences using enough to
1. The
teacher was good. He let me go early.
……………………………………………..
2. She
knows Kiswahili. She understands what I say.
………………………………………………………
3. My
mother is quite strong and she can lift the piano alone.
………………………………………………………………
4. He
is not old. He cannot go to school.
………………………………………..
5. She
is too weak to lift the heavy box.
………………………………………..
6. Jane
is very tall. She can clean the blackboard.
……………………………………………………
7. Aron
is young. He cannot travel alone.
…………………………………………
8. He
is cruel. He can kill.
…………………………
(ii)
ENOUGH FOR
Enough for is used to join two sentences with
different subjects.
NB: A subject is something to be talked or written
about or studied.
Examples
1. The
desk is very heavy. I cannot lift it.
=The desk is too heavy for me to
lift it.
2. Ben
is polite enough for becoming a priest.
3. Robert
is tall enough for becoming a policeman.
4. Peter
is clever enough for getting a car.
EXERCISE
Join the following sentences using enough for.
1. They
are dancing well. The president is impressed.
………………………………………………………..
2. My
sister is old. She can get married.
……………………………………………..
3. John
is clever. He can pass the examination.
………………………………………………..
4. The
house is old. It needs repair.
………………………………………
5. An
elephant is big enough for crossing the river.
……………………………………………………
6. Mariam
is a beautiful woman. She can attract any man.
…………………………………………………………….
7. They
are clever. They can discover the thief.
……………………………………………………..
8. She
is fast. She can win the race.
………………………………………
9. The
UNHCR has donated enough food for refugees.
………………………………………………………..
10. I
have bought enough books for grade seven.
………………………………………………..
(iii)
SO……….THAT AND
SUCH A……….THAT.
These are used to show
the reason as to why something happened.
SO………THAT
Examples
1.
He was a rich
man. He bought the whole village.
=He was so
rich that he bought the whole village.
2.
He reads many
books. He does not remember them at all.
=He reads so
many books that he does not remember them at all.
3.
Dionizi is
short. He cannot touch the ceiling board.
=Dionizi is so
short that he cannot touch the ceiling board.
4.
Chalama reads
many books. He does not pass the examination.
=Chalama reads so
many books that he does not pass the examination.
5.
Tea is hot. We
cannot drink it.
=Tea is so
hot that we cannot drink it.
Note: (i) “So” is used with adjectives (ie. So +
Adjective)
(ii) “So” can replace the word very.
Example
Join the following
sentences by using so……that.
i)
The tea was very
hot. Mariam could not drink it.
=The tea was so hot that
Mariam could not drink it.
ii)
Dues is very
young. He cannot go to school yet.
=Deus is so young that he
cannot go to school yet.
iii)
He is very fat.
He fails to walk.
=He is so fat that he fails to walk.
EXERCISE
Finish the following
sentences
1.
Dar Es Salaam is
so hot that you can’t wear a coat during the day.
2.
This test is so
difficult that I expect to get low marks.
3.
My shoes are so
small that I cannot wear it.
4.
This class is so
crowded that you cannot even get a quick way out.
5.
I am so angry
that I am ready to fight.
6.
She is so
beautiful that she can attract any man.
SUCH A …………..THAT
Consider the following
sentences
a)
Iringa, Mbeya
and Arusha are such cold places that one cannot sleep without a blanket.
b)
Masanja is such
a short boy that he cannot touch the ceiling board.
c)
Mathematics is a
very difficult subject. We cannot remember it (in the bracket use such….that).
=Mathematics is such
a difficult subject that we cannot remember it.
d)
Ally is too
short to touch the ceiling board.
=Ally is such
a short boy that he cannot touch the ceiling board.
e)
It rained so
much that cars could not go to the village.
=It rained such
much that cars could not go to the village.
f)
Iringa and Mbeya
are so cold regions that you have to wear a jacket at night.
=Iringa and
Mbeya are such cold regions that you have to wear a jacket at
night feed himself.
EXERCISE
Re-write the following
sentences with SUCH……THAT.
1.
He is very lazy
as the result he cannot feed himself.
…………………………………………………………….
2.
I am so hungry
that I cannot study.
……………………………………………………….
3.
A computer is so
delicate that it has to be carried carefully.
……………………………………………………………
4.
It is raining so
much that we cannot go to shamba.
…………………………………………………….
5.
Suzy is such a
lazy girl . she fails to wash her clothes.
……………………………………………………….
EXERCISE
1.
Change
such……that to so………that.
i)
He is such a
weak person that he cannot go to farm.
………………………………………………………
ii)
He is such a
nice person that he helps everybody.
………………………………………………….
iii)
Suzy is such a
lazy girl that she can’t wash her clothes.
………………………………………………………….
2.
Change
such………….that to too……………to.
a)
Juma is such a
weak boy that he cannot work alone.
……………………………………………………….
b)
Mary is such a
proud girl that she cannot greet people.
………………………………………………………...
TOO………………..TO
Is the conjunction
which is used to join sentences which express / shows Negative expression.
This is used to explain
why something is as the way it is.
NB: Too……to indicates a
negative idea
eg. Dodoma is too far to reach.
Points to remember when
using too…………to
i)
Too…………to means
“NOT” therefore we are not supposed to use “NOT” with too…….to in the same
sentence.
e.g. He was too big not to
walk. (wrong)
He was too big to walk.
ii)
When using
too…………to the pronoun at the end of the sentence should be dropped.
e.g. Ochwo is very lazy. I cannot help him.
Ochwo is too lazy to be helped.
iii)
Remember to use
for when joining sentences with different subjects.
e.g. The desk is very heavy. I cannot
lift it.
The desk is too heavy for me to
lift.
Examples
1.
You are so
young. You cannot understand me.
You are too
young to understand me.
2.
He was so drunk,
he could not drive.
He was too
drunk to drive.
3.
They were very
lazy. They could not do the work.
They were too
lazy to do the work.
EXERCISE
Join the following
sentences using conjunction too……..to
1.
Ekalanya is very
weak. She can’t work alone.
………………………………………………..
2.
The team is
experienced. We can’t defeat it.
……………………………………………..
3.
His handwriting
is very untidy. No one can read it.
……………………………………………………..
4.
The disco was so
loud that you couldn’t talk to your friend.
…………………………………………………………..
5.
Mariam was so
poor that she could not afford to give breakfast to her children.
……………………………………………………………………………………
6.
My grandmother
is very old. She cannot work hard.
……………………………………………………...
7.
The patient is
very weak. She can’t walk.
…………………………………………
8.
Woolen materials
are very expensive in Tanzania. Most people can’t buy them.
…………………………………………………………………………………...
9.
The disease is
very advanced. We can’t cure it.
………………………………………………..
10. The flower is very delicate. It can’t withstand
rough handling.
……………………………………………………………….
PREFER…………………TO
The word “prefer”
is used to mean that one “likes” something more than something.
It is used when one has
to choose one item from among others.
Point to remember
=When using “prefer”
avoid words like more and than.
Examples
i)
Masuke likes
rice more than millet.
=Masuke prefers rice to millet.
ii)
I like English
more than Mathematics.
=I prefer English to Mathematics.
iii)
Jane liked
reading more than writing.
=Jane preferred reading to writing.
iv)
Girls like
netball more than football.
=Girls prefer netball to football.
v)
Zainabu likes
ugali more than rice.
=Zainabu prefersugali to rice.
vi)
They like living
in rural area more than living in urban areas.
=They prefer living in rural areas to urban areas.
EXERCISE
Fill the blanks with
to:
1.
Rutashoborwa
prefers bananas ………… ugali.
2.
Masalu prefers
gardening …………dancing.
3.
I prefer the
Daily News …………Uhuru.
4.
I prefer playing
bao ………… the cinema.
5.
They prefer cows
………. goats
6.
He prefers Uhuru
………….. the Daily News.
7.
Tatu prefers
mathematics ……….. painting.
8.
I prefer
gardening ……… fishing.
9.
Bulengo prefers
a house ………a car.
10. The children preferred swimming ……..singing.
11. Tanzanias used to prefer socialism ……… capitalism.
12. Some women prefer tragedies ………. comedies.
13. We prefer basketball …….. boxing.
14. Khadija prefers reading ……….. gossiping.
15. He prefers working ………..sitting idle.
AS…………..AS
This conjunction is
used when comparing things / people of the same quality.
Examples
i)
Wasonga is tall.
Wanjusi is tall.
=Wasonga is as tall as Wanjusi.
ii)
This room is
big. That room is small.
=That room is not as bid as this room.
iii)
Okello is twelve
meters tall. Ouma is one and half meters tall.
=Ouma is not as tall as Okello.
iv)
Mary is very
beautiful. Mary’s mother is also very beautiful.
=Mary is as beautiful as her mother.
GUIDELINES ON THE USE
OF AS…..AS
1.
After …..as….
any pronoun used should be in the nominative case.
e.g. I, you, he,
she, they.
Examples
i)
He is big as me.
(wrong)
He is as big as I am. (Correct)
ii)
My sister is as
proud as her. (wrong)
My sister is as proud as she.
iii)
I am not as old
as him. (wrong)
I am not as old as he is. (correct)
2.
As……….as can be
used with both negative and affirmative sentences.
-In negative
sentences we say ……..not as…….as ……
-The affirmative it remains ………as…….as……
e.g. Ouma is not as tall as Okello.
I am as heavy as an elephant.
Mariam is not so beautiful as
Khadija.
It is not so difficult as I
expected.
EXERCISE
(a)
Use the word
“as………as” to show how thing are looking the same by making five sentences.
1.
Lisa is as
beautiful as her sister
2.
Jonia is as
lazy as her young
3.
My brother is as
bright as I am.
4.
Irene is as
polite as her mother.
5.
Neema is as
foolish as his brother.
(b)
Make five
sentences using the word “not as …………as” to show how two things looks
different.
1.
Lisa is not
as beautiful as her sister.
2.
She is not as
intelligent as his brother.
3.
I am not as
beautiful as my young.
4.
She is not as
tall as his father.
5.
A buffalo is not
as big as an elephant.
EXPRESSING DURATION
PREPOSITION OF TIME
SINCE AND FOR
We use since and for
with the present perfect continuous tense.
(i)
FOR
Is the preposition
which is used to talk about the length of time (duration).
|
We use preposition
present perfect tense with For + a period of time.
Thus
Examples
For a week
For six months
For a month
For two hours
For a year
(ii)
SINCE
Is the preposition
which is used to talk about the starting point of time.
We use present perfect
continuous tense with since + a period of time.
|
Thus
Examples
Since this morning
Since last week
Since yesterday
Since I was twelve
years old
Since Friday
Since noon
More examples for Since
and For
1.
I have been here
for 20 minutes.
2.
I have been here
since 9 o’clock.
3.
John has not
called for six hours.
4.
John has not
called since January
EXERCISE
Fill the blanks by
using since and for
1.
Mariam and Musa
have not met their teacher since last week.
2.
They are on a
trip since December 28th last year.
3.
He has remained
absent for many days.
4.
The manager has
been waiting for two hours.
5.
My teacher was
there since 1978.
USES OF SICNE AND FOR
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks by
using the correct preposition from the brackets.
1.
I have been
learning English ……… I was in class one. (for, since, at, by)
2.
He has been
living Arusha ……. 1984. (since, for, at, by)
3.
Eliud and Mariam
have been best friends ………. class four. (after, during, while,since)
4.
He has been sick
……. the day they arrived. (since, for, at, in on)
5.
We have been
waiting ……… over ten minutes. (since, for, at, in, on)
6.
He is lazy, he
failed his exams for several times. (for ,until, over)
Re-write using “since”
7.
I have been sick
for two years.
…………………………………
8.
It started
raining last night. It is still raining.
……………………………………………..
BOTH……………….AND
This is a conjunction
which is used to join two sentences expressing / having two things, persons,
ideas or adjectives in one sentence.
It is used to mean the
idea of ‘two’
It can also be used instead
of ‘not only……..but also’. Thus the one and the other
NB: Both goes hand in
hand with “and”. It cannot work without it.
1.
Queen Anne is
both dead and buried.
2.
He is remarkable
for both his intelligence and his skill.
3.
He is both a
soldier and a poet.
4.
He is both
hardworking and a committed teacher.
5.
He is both a
lazy man and cowardice.
EXERCISE
Re-write the following
sentences by using both……and
1.
Read chapter 2
of the book. Read chapter 3 too.
…………………………………………………
2.
Reading is a
necessary skill. Writing is also a necessary skill.
……………………………………………………………….
3.
Mashoto likes
cold tea. Halima likes cold tea too.
………………………………………………………
4.
Our library has
books. It also has Newspapers.
……………………………………………….
5.
I have borrowed
many books from the library. I have also lent some of my own books to friends.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.
My mother is
coming. My father is coming too.
………………………………………………….
7.
I like
Geography. I like mathematics as well.
………………………………………………..
8.
The story is
funny. It is sad too.
…………………………………….
9.
I like cooked
carrots. I also like raw carrots.
………………………………………………
10. Mozambique is in Africa. Egypt is also in Africa.
……………………………………………………
11. The drink was sour. The drink was expired.
……………………………………………..
12. The food is rough. The food is rotten.
………………………………………..
PURPOSE CLAUSES
These are words that
show intention/ aim.
They answer the
question WHY. Therefore these purpose clause include words like
SO AS, SO THAT, IN
ORDER TO
These three
conjunctions are delt with togetherness because they are used in the same way
and thus have the same meaning.
They are used to
indicate the purpose /aim/ intention of doing something.
They are used in a
sentence when one wishes to state the reason for doing something.
Examples
(i)
SO AS
a)
He washes cars so
as to get school fees.
b)
He studied
thoroughly so as to pass the test.
c)
Amina cooks
delicious food so as to impress her boy friend.
d)
John has visited
his fiancée so as to discuss their marriage issue.
e)
They are playing
vigorously so as to win the match.
NB: So as goes with the
word “to” which is added at the end.
(ii)
SO THAT
So that does not go
with the word “to” instead it is followed by the personal pronoun, a noun.
Examples
a)
He washes cars so
that he can get school fees.
b)
He went to town so
that he could buy a radio.
c)
He prepared
supper so that the president could eat after the meeting.
d)
He studied
thoroughly so that he could pass the test.
e)
They are playing
vigorously so that they can win the match.
f)
Anne cooks
delicious food so that she may impress her boy friend.
(iii)
IN ORDER TO
Examples
a)
He washes cars in
order to get school fees.
b)
He went to town in
order to buy a radio.
c)
He revises very
hard in order to pass the examination.
d)
He goes to the
bar in order to drink beer.
e)
She wore a
beautiful dress in order to win the beauty contest.
f)
Ruta wants to
leave for town in order to see his fiancée.
g)
Theodora went to
Songea in order to visit her fiancé.
h)
We eat in order
to live.
i)
The mosquitoes
bite us in order to get food.
Consider the following
sentences.
1.
I want to go to
England so as to learn English.
2.
I want to study
so as to pass my examination.
3.
I always work
hard so as to succeed I my life.
4.
I want to go to
town so as to buy some clothes.
5.
We always eat
balanced diet so as to be health.
6.
I want to respect
myself so as to be respected.
7.
I wear a school
uniform in order to be smart.
8.
I want to see
the class master in order to help me.
9.
I want to be
artist I order to be a lawyer.
10. I decide to study hard in order to be in a good
position.
11. I want to do more practices in order to be selected
to the National team.
12. I went to so that I could buy a bicycle.
13. I want to study hard so that I can pass my
examination.
14. We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
15. I want to run fast so that I can be a winner.
16. I went to Dar
Es Salaam so that I could buy a car.
EXERCISE
Answer
the following questions by using so that.
1.
Why do you go to
hospital?
……………………………... I
can get medicine.
2.
Why do you brush
your teeth?
…………………………… I
can remove small particles of food and kill bacteria.
3.
Why do you put
your books in the bag?
…………………………………………
I can avoid thieves.
4.
Why do you wash
your clothes?
…………………………………..
I can look smart.
Join the following
sentences using in order to, so that, so as to.
1.
She sat in the
front seat. She wanted to hear the teacher clearly.
………………………………………………………………………
2.
He woke up early
in the morning. He wanted to catch the bus.
………………………………………………………………….
3.
Children should
be given a balanced diet. This will help them become healthy.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4.
It is important
that people use condoms. This will help them live longer.
…………………………………………………………………………….
5.
You have to
practice daily. This will help you become perfect.
………………………………………………………………………
AS
This conjunction is used
to describe something appears to be like another thing (comparison)
Is also used to say
that something happens while another thing is happening.
Also is used to show
obligation (example sentence number 1)
Examples
1.
Poor as we may
seem, we are still proud of own culture.
2.
As it is fine, I
shall go out.
3.
Much as he like
to travel, he could not afford the fare.
4.
As you go, I
will keep watching.
5.
I will keep your
properties as you are away.
6.
She provided her
help as they needed.
7.
Juma is
intelligent as John.
8.
I will go guide
as I prefer.
9.
I am going to
the committee as I am a representive.
10. As she left,
it started raining heavily.
Note: (i) As can also mean when, while.
e.g. - I saw him as he was getting off the bus.
- As a child
lived in India.
- As he grew
older he become less active.
- As they
arrived it started raining.
(ii) It is also used in expressing reason; since seeing
that.
e.g. - As he wasn’t ready in time, we went without him.
(iii) It can also convey the idea of although.
e.g. – I know some of the family secrets young as
I am. (Although I am young)
- Much as
I like you (although I like you much) I will not marry you.
(iv) It also introduces a complement of manner (like).
e.g. -Why is he
dressed as a women?
- He looks as
if he has seen a ghost.
- He opened his
lips as if to say something.
EXERCISE
1.
They left for
journey. It started raining.
…………………………………………..
2.
My mother was
cooking when the visitors arrived.
……………………………………………………..
3.
He is poor. He
married her.
……………………………………
4.
The stone is
big. The children couldn’t lift it.
…………………………………………………
5.
My father left
for hunting when the weather was clear.
…………………………………………………………
6.
An elephant is a
big animal. It cannot be carried in a land rover.
………………………………………………………………….
7.
It is getting
dark, the hynas started laughing.
……………………………………………….
AS WELL AS
As well as means in
addition to. It is also used in comparison of adjectives.
Examples
1.
He gave me some
money as well as advice.
2.
He gave me money
as well as advice.
3.
We shall travel
by might as well as by day (i.e. both by night and by day)
4.
Give me those as
well as those =(those too)
5.
Mr. Chalama is a
poet as well as dramatist.
6.
Tom has not been
to Brazil as well as Mathias.
7.
I like eating
rice as well as banana.
EXERCISE
Write five sentences
using “as well as”
1.
My shoes are red
as well as yours.
2.
I will travel by
bus as well as by train.
3.
Our grandfather
has a rise farm as well as a maize farm.
4.
Lasin is an
intelligent boy as well as smart.
5.
Tapajos is doing
well nowadays as well as Pazi.
AS WELL
This conjunction is
used to join two sentences which have the same weight.
It is used to mean –in
addition to.
It can also mean
besides/ Not only……. But also/ also/ too.
It is used when one
wants to add new information apart from which / that is already known.
Examples
1.
Mr. Biwale is a
lazy man and Mr. Mbaka is a lazy man as
well. This means that;
Not only Mr.
Biwale is a lazy man but also Mr. Mbaka.
2.
He read the book
and remember what he had read as well.
This means: He
not only read the book but also remembered what he had read.
3.
Tom has been to
Canada and Harry has been to Canada as well.
That means: Not
only Tom has been to Canada but also Harry.
4.
Tom has not been
to Brazil and Naku has not been to Brazil as well.
This means:
(None of the two has been to Brazil)
EXERCISE
Re-write the following
sentences using “as well”
1.
Not only the
pupils are listening attentively to their teacher but also answering questions.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.
I need not only
that pair of shoes but also a pair of suit.
……………………………………………………………
3.
The car which
was involved in the accident is not only taken to the police station but also
examined.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.
That woman is
not only wise but also courageous.
……………………………………………………
5.
The dancers are
not only singing but also playing.
…………………………………………………..
6.
She not only
cooked rice but also some meat.
………………………………………………
AS SOON AS
As soon as means at the
moment not later than immediately when or after
It can also convey the
idea of No sooner…………than.
Examples
No sooner said than
done = (done immediately)
1.
He started as
soon as he received the news.
2.
I will tell him
the news as soon as I see him.
3.
We didn’t arrive
so (as) soon as we had hoped.
4.
The sooner you
begin, the sooner you will finish.
5.
As soon as the
president arrived, it started raining.
6.
As soon as the
sun set down the entourage arrived.
7.
As soon as the rain
season started the farmers started planting maize in their fields.
8.
As soon as it
was getting dark, the lion started roaring.
9.
Once you are in
need of me, I will arrive as soon as possible.
10. As soon as the football match started, Lipuli team
scored a goal.
GOING TO
Going to is used to
tell about the intended or planned future in the following aspects;
a)
Intention
b)
Certainty
-Intention means one is
expecting to do something later, e.g. next week day, month etc.
-Certainty means one is
sure of what is going to happen later, e.g. tomorrow, next month, very soon
etc.
A) Intention
Examples
(i)
I am going to
write another book next month.
(ii)
We are going to
visit you next week.
(iii)
He is going to
teach us English.
B) Certainty
Examples
(i)
I have this
amount of money; I am going to buy you a present.
(ii)
She is going to
deliver next month.
(iii)
Look! You car’s
left tyre is going to burst.
(iv)
Watch out! It is
going to rain very soon.
(v)
Here is my bus
ticket. I am going to travel to Mwanza tomorrow.
EXERCISE
(a)
Make 5 sentences
of your own by using “going to”
(b)
Make 3 sentences
of your own showing the idea of certainty.
(c)
Do the following
sentences by using “going to”
1.
She will come
here tomorrow.
2.
I shall help you
soon.
3.
You will pass
the examination.
4.
They will read
many books next term.
5.
He will teach
Kiswahili next year.
6.
She will cook
for you in the evening.
7.
They will sing
nice songs tomorrow.
8.
We shall work
hard next term.
9.
They will accept
it.
10. Mary will visit us on Saturday.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICE
Active voice and
passive voice refers to the formation of the verb and the positioning of the subject
and the object in the sentence.
1.
Active Voice: It
is the describing process whereby the subject normally starts at the beginning
of the sentence.
Example;
Juma
is writing a letter.
Subject
He cooks dinner.
Subject
2.
Subject: Is a
person, a thing or a concept that does the action.
OR Is the doer of the action.
Example;
Juma is reading a book
Subject
Asha borrowed my books.
Subject
It rains heavily in March.
Subject
3.
Passive Voice:
Is the describing process whereby the object normally starts at the beginning
of the sentence and the subject is preceded with “by”.
This is a converted statement from
active to passives the result of the action in that particular sentence.
Example;
A letter is written by Juma.
Object
Dinner is cooked by him.
Object
4.
Object: Is a
person or thing which is affected by an action OR
Is the receiver of the action.
Example; Juma is writing a letter.
Object
He speaks English.
Object
Note: it is not always
necessary to use the “by prepositional phrase” except when it is necessary to
mention the doer of the action. But in writing, it is advisable to indicate the
doer.
Examples
a)
The bush is
cleared (by us). This means we can say
b)
The bush is
cleared.
A: Active Voice;
1.
Teachers teach
students.
2.
We find a plot
for the field preparation.
3.
We clear the
bush.
4.
We cut down the
big trees.
5.
We remove the
trunks of the trees.
B: Passive
Voice;
1.
Students are
taught (by teachers).
2.
A plot is found
for the field preparation (by us).
3.
The bush is
cleared (by us).
4.
The big trees
are cut down (by us).
5.
The trunks of
trees are removed (by us).
Therefore the above
sentences can be constructed like that
1.
Students are
taught.
2.
A plot is found
for the field preparation.
3.
The bush is
cleared.
4.
The big trees
are cut down.
5.
The trunks of
trees are removed.
CHANGES WHICH OCCURS IN
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
(i)
|
I
|
ME
|
(ii)
|
HE
|
HIM
|
(iii)
|
SHE
|
HER
|
(iv)
|
YOU
|
YOU
|
(v)
|
THEY
|
THEM
|
(vi)
|
IT
|
IT
|
(vii)
|
WE
|
US
|
TRANSITIVE AND
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Action verbs can be
grouped into two types;
a)
Transitive verbs
b)
Intransitive
verbs
a)
Transitive verbs
These are verbs that
carry object. The object can be a noun or a pronoun.
The transitive verbs
are for example; sew, draw, build, clean etc.
Therefore these verbs
can take objects.
Examples;
1.
She sews
clothes.
2.
He draws
pictures.
3.
I build houses.
4.
Amina cleans the
blackboard.
Clothes, pictures,
houses and blackboard are objects of the verbs in the above sentences.
Thus, only the
transitive verbs can be used to form the active and passive voice forms,
Example: Active voice
1.
She sews
clothes.
2.
He draws
pictures.
3.
I build houses.
4.
Amina cleans the
blackboard.
Passive voice
1.
Clothes are sewn
by her.
2.
Pictures are
drawn by him.
3.
Houses are built
by me.
4.
The blackboard
is cleaned by Amina.
b)
Intransitive
verbs
These are verbs that
cannot carry object.
Therefore the
intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice.
These verbs include;
cry, lie, die, stand, sit, rise, run, walk etc.
Examples
1.
She walks to
school.
2.
He cries every
day.
3.
The sun rise in
the East.
4.
We usually run
to school and when it is still early, we walk.
5.
When we are at
school, we sit down during the lesson.
Thus the above
sentences with the intransitive verbs cannot be changed into the passive voice
form.