USING THE WORD “BEING”
If the sentence uses the word “being” on joining
sentence using despite or inspite of the sentence carries no changes.
Examples
1. Juma
is a child. He can run fast.
Despite being child, Juma can run
fast.
In spite of being child, Juma can
run fast.
2. Potatoes
are sweet. I don’t like them.
Despite potatoes being sweet, I
don’t like them.
In spite of potatoes being sweet, I
don’t like them.
FORMING ABSTRACTIVE NOUNS
|
|
Adjective
|
Abstractive
|
|
1
|
wise
|
Wisdom
|
|
2
|
poor
|
Poverty
|
|
3
|
short
|
Shortness
|
|
4
|
dark
|
Darkness
|
|
5
|
sweet
|
Sweetness
|
|
6
|
sleepy
|
Sleepiness
|
|
7
|
great
|
Greatness
|
|
8
|
bitter
|
Bitterness
|
|
9
|
true
|
Truth
|
|
10
|
cold
|
Coldness
|
|
11
|
man
|
Manhood
|
|
12
|
child
|
Childhood
|
|
13
|
king
|
Kinship
|
|
14
|
mother
|
Motherhood
|
|
15
|
owner
|
Ownership
|
|
16
|
friend
|
Friendship
|
|
17
|
slave
|
Slavery
|
|
18
|
protect
|
Protection
|
|
19
|
hope
|
Hope
|
|
20
|
desire
|
Desire
|
|
21
|
reliable
|
Reliability
|
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer for the following.
1. …………….
being sick yesterday, I went to school.
A. Despite B. In spite C.Whether
D. Although
2. ………….. her beauty,
people hate her
A. Despite
B. In spite of C.As D. Although
3. He went to the farm
…………… being raining.
A. In spite B. Despite of C.Despite
D. Even if
4. ………….. the fact that
he was lazy, he was elected a prefect.
A. Despite of B. Because of C. In spite
D. In spite of
5. …………. his sickness,
he did very well in his exam.
A. In spite of B. Despite of C. Not only
D. When
Join the following
sentences using “Despite” without “the fact that”
6. He is owning a lot
of cattle. He cannot send his daughter to school.
Despite his ownership a lot of cattle, he
cannot send his daughter to school.
7. Last night was so
dark. I picked a needle
Despite last night darkness, I picked a
needle
Join the following
sentences using in spite of without the word “the fact that”.
8. Luther King is a
wise man. He cannot solve the love conflict.
In spite Luther King’s wisdom, he cannot
solve the conflict.
REVISION EXERCISE
1. He
was sick, he attended the meeting.
=In
spite of being sick he attended the meeting.
2. He
waked early, he delayed to school.
=In
spite of being waked early he delayed to school.
3. She
was very dirty, she travelled to Mwanza.
=In
spite of being dirty she travelled to Mwanza.
4. We
were very active, we failed the exam.
=In
spite of being active we failed the exam.
5. She
is very short, she has rubbed the blackboard.
=In
spite being short she has rubbed the blackboard.
REVISION
EXERCISE
Join
the following sentences using “In spite of being”
1. He
is ugly, he has got marriage to the queen’s daughter.
=In
spite of being ugly he has got marriage to the queen’s daughter.
2. He
is her best friend, he sent her into jail.
=In
spite of being her best friend he sent her into jail.
3. She
is still a child, she can reject the order from the parents.
=In
spite of being child she can reject the order from the parents.
4. He
is very poor, he has been selected to join Olympic races.
=In
spite of being poor he has selected races.
5. My
marks were good, my friend discouraged me.
=In
spite of my marks being, my friend discouraged me.
Join the following
sentences using “Despite” without words “the fact that” or being.
6. He
is a lazy farmer, he harvested a lot of crops.
=Despite
his laziness he harvested a lot of crops.
7. He
was speaking true things, he was not trusted.
=Despite
his truth things he was not trusted.
8. He
is a king of own kingdom, he cannot call upon unity.
=Despite
his kingship of own kingdom he cannot call upon unity.
9. Emmanuel’s
ownership of a computer he cannot use it.
=Despite
Emmanuel’s ownership of a computer he cannot use it.
10. The
medicine is very bitter, she has swallowed it.
=Despite
the medicine’s bitterness she has swallowed it.
(ii)
Inspite of
Is the conjunction used to show that something or
someone can have something good or bad at the same time.
NB: Inspite gives the same meaning as that of
although, though, even if and despite.
Note. It is wrong to say in spite of as one word
Example In spite of butin sects
You can say Inspite of the fact that
HOW TO USE
(a) Inspite
of + the fact that + other words (carries no changes).
Examples
He was clever, he dropped out of
the school.
=Inspite of the fact that he was
clever he dropped out of the school.
(b) In
spite of + determiner/objective pronoun + noun +other words.
Examples
He was clever, he dropped out of
the school.
=Inspite of his cleverness he
dropped out of the school.
(c) Inspite
of + being + other words.
Examples
He was clever, he dropped out of
the school.
=Inspite of being clever he dropped
out of the school.
Examples
i) He is rich. He was not elected.
-Inspite of his richness/riches, he was not elected.
-
Inspite of the fact that he was rich, he was not elected.
ii) He was clever, he dropped out
of the school.
-
He dropped out of the school Inspite of his
cleverness.
-
He dropped out of the school Inspite of
the fact that he was clever.
NB: If you don’t use the fact that an abstract noun
has to be used after Inspite of.
Examples; richness, cleverness, narrowness, as has
been shown in the examples
NO SOONER …….. THAN
Is the conjunction used to suggest/show that
something happened very soon afteranother.
We use these expressions when actions take place
very closely together.
NB: When using the conjunction No sooner…….than put
the first action in the PAST PERFECT and the second in SIMPLE PAST.
Examples
1. As
soon as the president arrived, it started raining.
=No sooner had the president
arrived than it started raining.
2. As
the teacher left the class, the children started shouting.
=no sooner had the teacher left the
class than the children started shouting.
3. The
cock crew, I got up.
=No sooner had the cock crew than I
got up.
EXERCISE
Re-write the following sentences by
beginning with No sooner……than.
1. Helen
had just finished writing a letter when I arrived.
……………………………………………………………..
2. Dr.
Chen had just performed the operation when the patient died.
…………………………………………………………………….
3. The
moon had barely appeared when it was obscured by the clouds.
……………………………………………………………………......
4. The
accused was leaving the court when he was re-arrested.
……………………………………………………………….
5. They
scored a goal when we got a penalty.
…………………………………………….
EXERCISE
Re-write the following sentences as instructed
1. He
was very unreliable but he was elected a prefect
(Begin Inspite of)
…………………………………………………………
2. Although
he is clever everybody hates him.
(Begin Despite)
…………………………………………………………
3. He
was popular but was not selected the team leader.
(Begin Inspite of)
………………………………………………………….
4. He
was great but people neglected him.
(Begin Despite)
………………………………………………………..
5. Although
he was careless he finished his experiment with good result.
(Begin Inspite)
………………………………………………………………………
6. As
soon as the enemies invaded the village the war began.
(Begin No sooner…….than)
……………………………………………………………..
7. As
soon as the match began when the spectators complied.
(Begin No sooner………than)
…………………………………………………………….
8. As
soon as he drank two glasses of milk when he felt better.
(Begin No sooner…………than)
……………………………………………………………….
9. As
soon as the headmaster appeared the class became silent.
(Begin No sooner………….than)
……………………………………………………………...
10. Although
mama Kione is poor she is contended.
(Begin Despite)
……………………………………………………..
SCARCELY…….WHEN / HARDLY……..WHEN
They are used to mean that there is almost nothing.
Examples
1. Scarcely
had the dust settled down when another accident took place.
2. Hardly
had the dust settled down when another accident took place.
3. The
cock had scarcely/hardly crown when I got up.
EXERCISE
Re-write the following sentences beginning with
Hardly………..when.
1. Matobo
had just returned when there was a knock at the door.
…………………………………………………………………
2. He
was completing his novel when he fell sick.
………………………………………………….
Re-write the following sentences by beginning with
scarcely.
3. Darkness
had not set in when the two men arrived.
…………………………………………………….
4. Mbwana
had returned to work before when fully recovered.
…………………………………………………………….
5. The
plane had just touched the runway when it burst into flames.
……………………………………………………………………
EITHER ………………..OR
Is the conjunction which is used to join sentences
which express two action but to show that one of the two action can be
fulfilled/done.
That means one of them or the other but not both and
it is used in “positive sentences”
This conjunction is used to show that one of the
thing will happen.
Examples
She wanted to print a landscape. She wanted to print
a self-portrait.
=She wanted
to print either a landscape or a self-portrait.
He must laugh. He must cry.
=He must either laugh or cry.
They must win. They must be defeated.
=They must either win or defeated.
Note: Either which is not followed by “or” can be
used to mean both.
Examples
There are flowers on both sides of the house.
=There are flowers on either sides of the house.
I can write
well using both hands.
=I can write well using either hands.
NB: When using either the “S” ending on the noun
that followed both is dropped.
Example; They
planted trees on both sides of the road.
They
planted trees on either side of the road.
NEITHER………………………NOR
Is the conjunction which is used to join sentences
which express two actions but it shows that none of the two actions can be
done.
It means that not the first or the second action can
occur and it is used in Negative Sentences”.
It is used to show that none of the two will happen.
Examples
He did not greet the visitors. He did not smile at
them.
=He neither greeted the visitors nor smiled at them.
She cannot fly. She cannot swim
=She can neither fly nor swim.
Godfrey did not go to play. Boniphace did not go to
play.
=Neither Godfrey nor Boniphace went to play.
Joyce is not having a party. David is not having a
party.
=Neither Joyce nor David is having a party.
EXERCISE
Choose the correct pair (Either………or/
Neither………..nor)
1. ………...Asha
….…. Sugi will help you with your homework. They are both busy at the moment.
2. This
is my offer. You ……..take it …….leave it.
3. When
I go to Olain hotel I will eat ……..fish ….….roast chicken. These are my
favorite meals.
4. His
father believed …………his son ………..his friend. He thought that both were lying.
5. I
need ……your help …..you compassion. I can perfectly handle my problems all
alone.
6. …………Ally
………Bonge will write the report. Just ask one of them.
7. My
grandmother can ……….read ……… write. She is illiterate.
8. You
can use ………this computer …….. the other one. Both are functioning.
EXERCISE
Begin with the sentences by using (Neither……..nor/
Either …………or).
1. My
mother does not like smoking. I don’t like smoking.
………………………………………………………….
2. Juma
has no house to live in and no job to do.
………………………………………………………
3. Maize
didn’t grow this year. Rice didn’t grow this year.
…………………………………………………………
Choose the correct answer.
4. Neither
my brother …………my mother knows about it.
A. nor B. Neither C. or
5. He
……….has a cat or a dog. I can’t remember.
A. Neither
B. Either C. nor
6. Neither
my brother ………..ready to go.
A. Or
his friend is
B. Nor
his friend
C. Nor
his friend is
7. I
am thinking of travelling to either Argentina ……….Brazil.
A. Either B. or
C. nor
8. Mkumbo
………..drinks nor smokes.
A. each B. neither C. either
ALTHOUGH
It is the conjunction used to join sentences to show
contrast. It is used to mean “but” or “however” when you are connecting on a
statement.
Although can be used the same with though/ even
though.
Though: is used more in spoken than the written. You
can use all at the beginning of a sentence that have a verb.
Examples
1. The
weather is bad. We are enjoying ourselves.
=Although the weather is bad we are
enjoying ourselves.
2. Our
country is poor. People enjoy themselves.
=Although our country is poor
people enjoy themselves
3. The
exam leaked. Few pupils passed.
=Although the exam leaked few
pupils passed.
EXERCISE
Join the following sentences using “Although”
1. Inspite
of his innocence, he was not trusted.
-
Although he was innocence he was not
trusted.
2. He
ran to the station, but he missed the train.
-
Although he ran to the station he missed
the train.
3. They
were brave, they were defeated.
-
Although they were brave they were
defeated.
4. I
was present but I was not asked for any advice.
-
Although I was present I was not asked
for any advice.
5. Pupils
complained but conductors did not change the attitude.
-
Although pupils complained conductors
did not change the attitude.
6. Karamuye
is not clever, he is a hardworking man.
-
Although Karamuye is not clever he is a
hardworking man.
7. Inspite
of the rain, we went to the farm.
-
Although it was raining we went to the
farm.
Although/though/but
Are used to show both a negative and positive ideas
in the same sentences.
Examples, Although she is beautiful, she is
unmarried.
NB: It is wrong to use although while experiencing
qualities both of which are positive or negative
Example
Although he is sick, he cannot walk (wrong).
Peter is smart although he is rich (wrong).
Note: Whenever a sentence begins with although
it must have a comma in the middle.
e.g.
Although she is beautiful, she is unmarried.
It
is wrong to use although with but in the same sentence.
e.g.
Although she is beautiful, but she is unmarried (wrong).
Note: Though can be used instead of although.
e.g.
Though she is beautiful, she is unmarried.
RESULT CLAUSES
These are clauses that show outcome of a particular
state / condition.
(i)
ENOUHG TO
Is the conjunction which is used to join sentences
which shows possibility to something.
Structure of it
|
N/P
+ A verb/Adjective + Enough to + Verb
|
Examples
1. He
ran fast. He win the race.
-
He ran fast enough to win the race.
2. Tom
is very young he cannot go to school.
-
Tom is not old enough to go to school.
3. Debora
is clever. She will get a high grade.
-
Debora is clever enough to get a high
grade.
EXERCISE
Join the following sentences using enough to
1. The
teacher was good. He let me go early.
……………………………………………..
2. She
knows Kiswahili. She understands what I say.
………………………………………………………
3. My
mother is quite strong and she can lift the piano alone.
………………………………………………………………
4. He
is not old. He cannot go to school.
………………………………………..
5. She
is too weak to lift the heavy box.
………………………………………..
6. Jane
is very tall. She can clean the blackboard.
……………………………………………………
7. Aron
is young. He cannot travel alone.
…………………………………………
8. He
is cruel. He can kill.
…………………………
(ii)
ENOUGH FOR
Enough for is used to join two sentences with
different subjects.
NB: A subject is something to be talked or written
about or studied.
Examples
1. The
desk is very heavy. I cannot lift it.
=The desk is too heavy for me to
lift it.
2. Ben
is polite enough for becoming a priest.
3. Robert
is tall enough for becoming a policeman.
4. Peter
is clever enough for getting a car.
EXERCISE
Join the following sentences using enough for.
1. They
are dancing well. The president is impressed.
………………………………………………………..
2. My
sister is old. She can get married.
……………………………………………..
3. John
is clever. He can pass the examination.
………………………………………………..
4. The
house is old. It needs repair.
………………………………………
5. An
elephant is big enough for crossing the river.
……………………………………………………
6. Mariam
is a beautiful woman. She can attract any man.
…………………………………………………………….
7. They
are clever. They can discover the thief.
……………………………………………………..
8. She
is fast. She can win the race.
………………………………………
9. The
UNHCR has donated enough food for refugees.
………………………………………………………..
10. I
have bought enough books for grade seven.
………………………………………………..
Note: When using the word enough for the use
of –ing form in the verbs is common.
