Indicators of Civilization in Acient Egypt

• Medicine
the Egyptians were famously clean and fearful of diseases. Perhaps it is for this reason that medicine became such an important pursuit / hobby. Most of the medical information about ancient Egypt were written on papyrus scrolls. Some of these documents still exist to date. The most important are:

• The Edwin Smith papyrus

• The Elber papyrus dating back to 3000BC

• The Kahun Gynecological papyrus dating back to 1825BC.

– Ancient Egyptian doctors could stitch up wounds, repair broken bones and amputate (surgical remove) infected limbs. Cuts were bandaged by raw meat, linen, and swabs (pieces of cloth used to clean wounds)  soaked with honey. Opium (powerful drug made out of plants) was used as a pain killer. They were also experts in dentistry and surgery.

Indicators of civilization in ancient Egypt

• Art
much of the Egyptian art was that of funeral art, the art designed for the tombs. The Egyptians believed that life could continue as normal in the after life, and so the dead were accompanied in their graves by every day and luxury goods including art objects to help them enjoy their new life.

• Mathematics
According to Herodotus, the mathematics of Egypt had its roots in surveying. The pharaohs of Egypt gave each Egyptian a plot of land of equal size and taxed them upon this. However, the annual floods of the Nile could quite easily wash away the land, so the king had to send surveyors to see by how much a tenant’s land had been reduced and lowered the taxes accordingly. This situation necessitated the development of mathematics.

– Furthermore, to rule effectively, an effective and efficient administration was developed for taking taxes, census and maintaining large army. All these required some mathematics.

– Thus, in ancient Egypt, mathematics was used for measuring time, straight lines, the level of the Nile flooding, calculating areas of land, counting money, working out and building of pyramids and other structures such as irrigation furrows.

– The Egyptians had a calendars as early as 4800BC, but in 4200BC their mathematics and astronomy produced a 365 day calendar ( 12 months of 30 days)

• Ship building
the long river along which ancient Egyptians civilization was built was an ideal environment for the development of boat technology. As early as 3000BC an Egyptian ship of about 75 feet in length had been built.

• Governance: the ancient Egyptian civilization produced the first government to rule an entire nation. The unified kingdom of Egypt covered an entire country with thousands of square miles in size and millions of inhabitants.

– The pharaoh was the ruler of ancient Egypt, both politically and religiously:

• The pharaoh held the title “ Lord of two lands” meaning that he ruled all of upper and lower Egypt.

• He was also a high priest of every temple meaning that he represented the honor of the gods on all the earth.

• In Egyptian eyes, the pharaoh was a god himself who stood between heaven and earth

• Pharaoh was the in charge of the army, and would go to war when his lands were threatened.

• To help the pharaoh in governing the lands:

– An elaborate organization of officials, scribes and overseerers, the world’s first civil service developed.

– Egypt was divided into Nomes, which were administrative regions each governed by a Nomarch.

– Pharaoh himself was surrounded in his palace by high officials, ministers, and courtier (people working in the king’s court).

– The pharaoh was served by a powerful chief minister called Vizier. He represented the pharaoh in the administration of the lands, treasury, and legal system.

• Legal system
the head of the legal system was officially the pharaoh, who was responsible for enacting laws, delivering justice, and maintenance of law and order, a concept the Egyptians referred to as Maat. Court documents indicates that Egyptian law was based on a common sense, the view of right and wrong.

• Religion
religion played a big part in the lives of the ancient Egyptians. They believed in a wide variety of gods and goddesses. These gods could take different forms usually as animals. The same animal may represent a different gods depending on the area, temple, or time frame. There were some gods and goddesses that were important  and prominent than others. Here are some of the major important.

– Ra : this was the Sun god and the most important god to the ancient Egyptians. Ra was said to have created all forms life and was the supreme god.

– Isis : this was the mother goddess. It was thought that she would protect and help people in need. She was drawn as a woman with a headdress in the shape of a throne.

– Osiris : this was the ruler of the underworld and god of the dead. He was the husband of Isis and a father of Horus. Osiris was drawn as a mummified man with feathered headdress.

– Horus : this was the god of the sky. Horus was the son of Isis and Osiris. To the ruler of Egyptians, Pharaoh was thought to be the living version Horus. In this way pharaoh was the leader of the Egyptian religion and the peoples representative

– Thoth : this was the god of knowledge. He blessed the Egyptians with writing, medicine, and mathematics. He was represented as a baboon.

• Mummification 
the after life was an important part of ancient Egyptian culture. One of the ways they prepared for the after life was to try to preserve the body as long as possible. They did this through a process known as mummification. The embalmed bodies are called mummies.

– The total process could take up to 40 days. Once the body was dry, it was covered in a sheet called shroud and placed in a stone coffin called Sarcophagus.

• Hieroglyphics 
the ancient Egyptians used picture words to write called hieroglyphics. It is a very old form of writing that they started using as early as 3000BC. It was a very complicated way of writing involving 1000s of symbols. Hieroglyphs was different from how we write in many ways:

– There were no vowel sounds, only consonants.

– It could be written in any direction, left to right, right to left or top to bottom. The reader would figure out which way to read it by the direction of the symbols.

– There was no punctuations

– One of the goals in writing hieroglyphics was that the writing would look like art and be beautiful to look at.

– A single picture symbol could stand for a whole word called an ideogram or a sound called a phonogram. For example a picture of an eye could mean the word “eye” or letter “I”.

– The ancient Egyptians often wrote on tables or walls, but they also wrote on type of paper called papyrus.

• The pyramids
were built as burial places for the pharaohs. As part of their religion, the Egyptians believed that the pharaohs needed certain things to succeed in the after life. Deep inside the pyramids the pharaohs would be buried with all sorts of items and treasure that he may need to survive in the after life.

– There are around 138 Egyptian pyramids. The largest being the pyramid of Khuf, also called the great pyramid of Giza. This is the largest and the oldest pyramid. The Egyptian pyramid was featured by:

• The pyramid of Egypt were built to the west of the Nile river. This is because the western side was associated with land of the dead.

• The base of the pyramid was always a perfect square.

• They were built mostly of limestone

• There were traps put on the tombs and the pyramids to keep robberers out.

• Near the pharaoh’s chamber would be other rooms where family members and servants were buried

• Because it took so long to build the pyramids (over 23 years), pharaoh’s generally started the construction of their pyramids as soon as they became rulers.

• Because there were such valuable treasure buried within the pyramids, grave robbers would try to break in and steel the treasure. Despite the Egyptian efforts, nearly all of the pyramids were robbed of their treasure by 1000BC.

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Civilization in Egypty

• The Egyptian civilization was one of the earliest in world history. It is believed that this civilization began around 5000BC, and usually held to have come to maturity in around 3000BCwhen the lower Nile valley became unified under a single ruler ( Menes or Narmer of Memphis). By this period the only other parts of the world to have a literate, and urban civilization were the Sumerians in Mesopotamia

– The life of ancient Egypt centered around the Nile and the fertile land along its banks. The farmers in the long, narrow, Nile valley developed irrigation methods to control the flow of the river.

– The valley was rich and fertile creating vast surpluses of crops that made possible incredible building projects such as the pyramids and temples.
– The surpluses were also used to fund a refined lifestyle for the elite, to develop overseas trade and diplomacy and to pay for wars of conquest.

– The civilization was built on continuity, on meticulous/careful record keeping and above all on divine and royal precedent / pattern. The achievement of civilization involved innovations in writing, administration, quarrying and surveying, mathematics and architecture, irrigation and agricultural production methods, as well as some of the earliest ship. – The surpluses were also used to fund a refined lifestyle for the elite, to develop overseas trade and diplomacy and to pay for wars of conquest.

– The civilization was built on continuity, on meticulous/careful record keeping and above all on divine and royal precedent / pattern. The achievement of civilization involved innovations in writing, administration, quarrying and surveying, mathematics and architecture, irrigation and agricultural production methods, as well as some of the earliest ship.

• Some modern day Africanist scholars believe that Egyptian civilization was a creation of Black Africans. A  Senegalese scholar Dr. Sheikh Anta Diop (1923-1986) dedicated his life to scientifically challenging Eurocentric and Arab-centric views of pre-colonial African culture specifically those that suggested the ancient civilization of Egypt did not have its origin in Black Africa.

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Magufuli Awajibu Wanaokosoa Mpango wa Walimu wa Sekondari kupelekwa Shule za Msingi

 Magufuli Awajibu Wanaokosoa Mpango wa Walimu wa Sekondari kupelekwa Shule za Msingi
Imewekwa Tar.: May 3rd, 2018

Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, Mhe. Dkt. John Pombe Magufuli amewajibu watanzania ambao wanakosoa mpango wa Serikali wa kuwapeleka walimu wa sekondari kufundisha shule ya msingi.

Rais Magufuli amesema kuwa kitendo hicho ni cha kawaida kwani hakiadhiri mishahara yao bali kinawapa muda mwingi walimu hao kufanya kazi nyingine za ziada.

“Wakati wa Nyerere walikuwa wanachukuliwa walimu wa UPE kwenda kufundisha shule za msingi. Sasa tunachukua wenye digrii.

"Kikubwa kinachoangaliwa ni mshahara wake tu.. Kwa sababu mshahara unapimwa si kwa vile unafundisha shule ya msingi, ni kutokana na Qualification zako.

"Tena kule ni kurahisi tu unaweza kufanya na mambo yako mengine.“alisema Rais Magufuli jana Mei 2, 2018 wakati akizungumza na wafanyakazi na wanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu Kishiriki cha Elimu Mkwawa, kilichopo mkoani Iringa.

Rais Magufuli alitolea mfano wa nchi zinazotumia Maprofesa kufundisha shule ya msingi; “Ukienda nchi za Scandinavia utakuta maprofesa ndiyo wanafundisha chekechea, na mishahara yao ni mikubwa kuliko wanaofundisha chuo kikuu. Just mind set.”

Mwezi Februari mwaka huu serikali kupitia Ofisi ya Rais, Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma ilitangaza kuwa baadhi ya walimu wa masomo ya sanaa kutoka shule za sekondari watapelekwa shule za msingi ili kukidhi mahitaji.

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How did the colonial Government uphold the interest of white settler in kenya ?

How did the colonial Government uphold the interest of white settler in kenya ?

    Colonial Government, was the colonial administrators who used to govern Africans in their colonies by either indirect or direct rule or a system known as assimilation policy.

   Colonial domination or colonial rule in Africa started mainly after berlin conference of 1884 – 1885,, after the berlin conference then following its agreement then in 1888, colonial rule has begun in Africa

   Colonial administration in kenya were under British, and it took long periods for the kenyan to get their independence in 1963.

Colonial state upheld the interest of white seetller in Kenya as follow:-

· They allienated land for them,, that is land was allienated for them to establish cash crops.

· They were ensured with capital, to run all activities in the colonies so as to ehance productions

· They were ensured with full security. To make them work safely so as to enhance productions

· They were ensured with Agricultural materials such as fertile .

· They were ensured with social services such as houses/ accomodations

· They have been ensured with agricultural tools to make the productions higher.

· They were ensured with infrustarcture such as roads and railways, so as to make the transportations easily.

· They were ensured with labours

· They were actually full suported by their government

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What is Civics; Civics form one Complete notes

Civics is the study of human rights and responsibilities of citizens, the governance and environment in which our society is found. In civics
we study
The environment in which we live in
Governance and government
Human rights and responsibilities of citizens
Social cultural and economic development
Importance of studying civics
1. To understand human rights e.g. rights to life associate with workship.
2. To understand duties and responsibilities of citizens
3. To understand environment in which we live in.
4. To promote peace and security in our society.
5. To understand and up hold our culture.
6. To establish good relationship and respect.
7. To understand road safety for example causes of road accident and measures to be taken in preventing road accident.
Definition of the concept
A family: Is a social group people are closely related to each other which comprise father, mother, children and sometimes close
relatives like uncles, aunt etc.
A clan is a combination of various families.
A tribe is a group of different clans whose people of the same culture history and language barrier. Therefore the combinations of
several tribes make up the population of nation.
A Nation can be defined as a large group or community of people living in a defined geographical area and sharing a common history,
culture and language under one government. Examples of nations include Tanzania, Japan, Zimbabwe, India and Uganda. A nation should be
recognized by other nations as a sovereign state and should be free to decide and implement its own policies. It should not be part of
another nation nor should it be under the control of another nation.
The Components of our Nation
For any nation to be recognized as a nation it must have the following components: Sovereignty, People, culture, boundaries and
government
1. Sovereignty
Sovereignty can be defined as the highest power which belongs to the people. National sovereignty means that a nation is free to decide
and implement its decisions without being interfered with by any external forces from other nations. A nation should be able to run its
political, economic and social matters independently.
Importance of National sovereignty
National sovereignty is important because it maintains good relations with other nations through promoting good foreign policies
on matters concerning other nations.
It helps maintain peace and security of a nation through execution of national laws, rules and regulations to prevent civil wars
and conflicts with other nations.
It brings about national stability and encourages investors to invest in a country because a national is free to establish policies
that will encourage local and foreign investors to invest in the country.
Citizens are free from being dominated by other nations because of non-interference in the control of the nation by other
countries.
Hindrances to national sovereignty
Poverty. This is the inability to afford basic needs like food, shelter and clothing which is the main problem faced in many African
countries whereby most are economically poor. This results in African countries depending on developed countries for help through
grants and aid which create conditions that violate the sovereignty of some African countries.
Civil wars. The fighting between ethnic groups within the same nation can affect the freedom of the nation because when the
nation fails to maintain peace and security within the nation, United Nations will intervene to protect human rights.
Natural hazards. Disasters such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions undermine the economies of poor countries which
in turn hinder national sovereignty since the government cannot depend on its own capabilities and needs to ask for assistance
from other countries through aid.
2. Population
Population is the number of people living in a particular defined area. According to the 2010 population survey report, Tanzania has over 40
million people. More than 80% of Tanzania's population lives in rural areas. Tanzania mainland has over 125 ethnic groups. Kiswahili is the
common language and the largest population group is Bantu who occupy approximately two-thirds of the country and are divided into many
tribes. Within the population is where we can find leaders, citizens and the army which protects the country and builds up a strong nation.
3. Boundaries
National boundaries are the dividing lines between the area belonging to Tanzania and the area belonging to her neighboring countries.
Tanzania was formed on the 26th April 1964. On that day, Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form thecountry currently known asTanzania.
Our country Tanzania covers a total area of 945,202 square kilometersand is bordered by man-made and natural boundaries. Natural
boundaries of Tanzania includethe Indian Ocean to the East, Mount Kilimanjaro to the North, Ruvuma River to the South, Lake Nyasa to the
south west, and Lake Victoria to the North and Lake Tanganyika to the West.
Tanzania is bordered by eight nations, namely Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo to the
West, Mozambique to the South, Malawi and Zambia to the South West. The Indian Ocean borders Tanzanian’s Eastern side. The islands of
Zanzibar and Pemba lie along the coast of Tanzania Mainland.
4. The Government
The government is an administrative organ of the state. It consists of elected and selected groups of people who are responsible for
controlling and maintaining the laws and orders of a country. The state has three organs which assist each other in fulfilling its functions.
These organs are:
1. The Executive. The Executive is the main branch of the central government and comprises of the president, the cabinet, civil servants
and armed forces. The Executive is responsible for administering various activities of the government.
2. Judiciary. This organ functions to interpret the laws and make rulings over disputes in the state.
3. Legislature is the law making body of the state. It is the state organ whose members are elected to represent different constituencies.
Some of them are appointed. Legislature is also called parliament and is comprised of the President and the National Assembly. The
President is part of the parliament but not a member of the parliament. This is because the president does not participate in
parliamentary discussions but participates in the process of making laws by signing the bills to become laws.
5. Culture
Refers to the customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. It also includes the people`s way of life and social organization.
TANZANIA'S NATIONAL SYMBOLS
A symbol is a sign that represents something. National symbols are signs which represent a nation. These symbols are very important as
they serve as a reminder of our nationhood to us and to the rest of the world; they promote our culture and remind us about events that
have taken place in our nation. Tanzania has several symbols; these include tangible things like money, flags and the coat of arms, as well as
intangible things like the national anthem and language.
The following are the major national symbols in Tanzania:
1. The national flag
2. Presidential standard
3. The coat of arms
4. National Anthem
5. Uhuru Torch
6. National currency
7. National Language
8. The national Constitution
9. National festivals (holidays) in Tanzania
The Significance of each National Symbol
A. The national flag
A national flag is a piece of cloth with a special colour design. The national flag of Tanganyika was hoisted for the first time on the 9 th
December, 1961 and that of the United Republic of Tanzania was hoisted for the first time on the 26 th April 1964, when Tanganyika and
Zanzibar united to form Tanzania. The main function of the national Flag is to show that Tanzania is a completely independent and
sovereign nation. Our Flag has four colors; Green, Yellow, Black and Blue.
1. Green represents the land and vegetation of Tanzania
2. Blue represents the ocean and other water bodies found in the country
3. Black represents the people of Tanzania
4. Yellow represent the natural wealth of Tanzania, like minerals
Importance of national flag
1. It is a symbol of our independence/sovereignty
2. It is a symbol of freedom and unity of the people
3. The National flag is also a symbol of the nationality and a symbol of Tanzania culture
B. Presidential standard
The presidential standard is a flag which is used during official ceremonies where the president is in attendance. It has a green background
with a blue and the coat of arms in the middle. The coat of arms on the presidential standard has no crops, human figure or the peak of
Mount Kilimanjaro.
C. The coat of arms
The coat of arms is an official seal or stamp of the government which comprises different colors and landmarks of Tanzania. It act as
national badge and, therefore, all government publications bear this official seal. Our coat of arms has twelve components. These
components represent various national interests such as state power, economic bases, national culture and history.
Compositions of the coat of arms
The coat of arms comprises of the following 12 components.
1. Two human fingers: man and woman represent people of Tanzania. The two figure symbolize cooperation between men and women in
bringing development.
2. National flag : The flag as a symbol of national freedom.
3. Uhuru torch: The torch represents national freedom and prosperity.
4. Crossed axe and hoe : These represent the tools which Tanzania used to develop their country.
5. Elephant tusks: As symbol for national resources (plant and animal/wildlife).
6. Shield and spear: As a symbol for tradition weapons of defense.
7. Sea waves: Represent parts of water bodies such as Ocean, river, lake of Tanzania.
8. Cloves and cotton: Stands for cash crops produced in Tanzania.
9. The inscription UHURU NA UMOJA - This means freedom and unity, it is the national moto of the United Republic of Tanzania.
0. Peak of Mount Kilimanjaro: This mount is a source of pride for Tanzania
1. Golden band on the upper part of the shield: Represent the mineral wealth of the country.
2. Red band on the shield: Represent fertile red soil in Tanzania
Importance of Coat of Arm
1. National symbol for Tanzania as a state.
2. It symbolizes state political and economical bases
3. It symbolize our national culture and history
4. A seal of the president and government
5. A symbol of state sovereignty freedom and unity of the people.
D. National Anthem
This is the official song which reflects people`s national feelings, desire, glory and pride in their nationality. The Tanzanian national anthem
is sung during important national occasions such as when a special announcement is made by the president; when foreign heads of states
visit our country; When the president or the vice president and the prime minister visit another country officially, and when our national
teams are playing against teams of other countries; before and after the president addresses the nation; and when the national flag is
hoisted.
The National Anthem of Tanzania.
1. Mungu ibariki Africa
Wabariki viongozi wake
Hekima umoja na amani
Hizi ni ngao zetu
Africa na watu wake
Ibariki A-frica
Ibariki A-frika
Tubariki watoto wa Africa
2. Mungu ibariki Tanzania
Dumisha uhuru na umoja
Wake kwa waume na watoto
Mungu ibariki
Tanzania na watu wake
Ibariki Tanzania
Ibariki Tanzania
Tubariki watoto wa Tanzania
Importance of the national anthem
It is a symbol of our nationality , freedom and it unifies Tanzanians
It makes citizens feel proud of their country
National anthem expresses a sense of belonging to Tanzania and Africa
It identifies Tanzania outside the country.
E. The Uhuru Torch
Is commonly known as the independence torch. Introduce fro the first time by president of Tanzania M.J. Kambarage Nyerere to symbolize
freedom, unity, love, dignity, solidality and hope. It was first lit top of Mount Kilimanjaro at mid night on 9 th December 1961. This was the
day when Tanganyika got independence from Britain. Every year there is the Uhuru torch races. The race starts and ends at different
important points in the country. The torch causes positive social political and economic message.
Significance of Uhuru Torch.
1. It symbolize freedom and light
2. It promotes unity in the country
3. It promotes development through projects initiated during race e.g. school and health centers
4. Promotes peace dignity respect and hope among Tanzanians.
F. National Currency.
Currency is the system of money that a country uses. The Tanzania national currency is Shillings. The value of shilling always appears as
coin/notes. Currency is also called Money. Money is used for measuring value trading and paying for goods and services in a country. It is
also use a means of settling debts.
Importance of National Currency.
1. It is used in buying and selling (Trade transaction)
2. It is used to measure value.
3. It is identity of nationality and freedom.
4. It is a mean of setting debts.
G. National Language
This is the language spoken by all the people within a country. The national language of Tanzania is Kiswahili.
Importance of the national language
1. The national language acts as the media of communication within a county.
2. It symbolizes the culture of the nation concerned which is Tanzania
3. It unifies people with a common history.
4. It also identifies the country internationally
H. National Constitution.
A constitution is the system of laws and basic principles by which the national is governed. Our country is ruled according to the
constitution written 1977 since then it has been undergoing some amendments to suit the contemporary changes.
Importance of National Constitution
1. It is the basic law from which other laws are created.
2. It describes form and content of the Tanganyika government.
3. The government rules by the will of the people through the constitution.
4. It describes clearly the relationship between citizens and state leaders.
5. It shows the structure of the state organs.
6. It states clearly the distributions of power among the state organs.
7. It promotes human rights.
nzania's National Festivals and their Significance
National festivals are special public days created by the state which exempt people from doing any government or official work and
therefore people are expected to rest. In Tanzania these days are called Public holidays.
Civic national festival holidays.
These are special days that commemorate events which have profound meaning politically. Sometimes they are known as civic national
festivals and holidays Political public holidays in Tanzania are;
Independence day – fall on 9 th December each year.
Union day – f a l l o n 26 th April each year.
Zanzibar Revolution – fall on 12 th January each year.
Nane nane day – fall on 8 th August each year.
Mayday (workers day)- fall on 1 st May each year.
Sabasaba day – fall on 7 th July each year
Nyerere day – fall on 14 th October each year
Karume day – fall on 7 th April each year
New year day – fall on every 1 st January.
Religious national holiday and festival
These days are marked by special religious events or festivals according to the beliefs and faith of particular group of people. In Tanzania
there are two dominant religious, namely Christianity and Islamic.
1. Christmas day – fall on 25 December each year.
2. Boxing day – fall on 26 December each year
3. Good Friday and Easter Monday holiday- depends on the Christmas calendar
4. Eid-el-Fitri and Eid-el-Haj pilgrimage to Mecca depends on the sight of the moon according to Muslim.
5. Mauled day – according to Islamic calendar
Universal public days
These are special days for the rest and celebration for all people in the world. These universal holidays are;
1. New Year – falls on 1 st January each year
2. Workers day/ labour day – falls on 1st May each year
Importance of national festivals/ public days
The followings are the Importance of national festivals/ public days;
1) These days mark important events in our country
2) The celebration keep the history alive since Tanzania are reminded of what has taken place in their country
3) During these events leaders pass important information to the public
4) Public celebration provides an opportunity for citizens to meet and share views, experience and knowledge.
5) Celebrating together enhance the unity of Tanzanians.
6) Annual celebrations impart on Tanzanians the culture of commemorating important national events.
7) These events helps the leaders to identify problems in the society as citizens highlight their problems through speeches, posters,
drama or songs.

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What is Civics: Form one Civics Topic one notes

ivics is the study of human rights and responsibilities of citizens, the governance and environment in which our society is found. In civics
we study
The environment in which we live in
Governance and government
Human rights and responsibilities of citizens
Social cultural and economic development
Importance of studying civics
1. To understand human rights e.g. rights to life associate with workship.
2. To understand duties and responsibilities of citizens
3. To understand environment in which we live in.
4. To promote peace and security in our society.
5. To understand and up hold our culture.
6. To establish good relationship and respect.
7. To understand road safety for example causes of road accident and measures to be taken in preventing road accident.
Definition of the concept
A family: Is a social group people are closely related to each other which comprise father, mother, children and sometimes close
relatives like uncles, aunt etc.
A clan is a combination of various families.
A tribe is a group of different clans whose people of the same culture history and language barrier. Therefore the combinations of
several tribes make up the population of nation.
A Nation can be defined as a large group or community of people living in a defined geographical area and sharing a common history,
culture and language under one government. Examples of nations include Tanzania, Japan, Zimbabwe, India and Uganda. A nation should be
recognized by other nations as a sovereign state and should be free to decide and implement its own policies. It should not be part of
another nation nor should it be under the control of another nation.
The Components of our Nation
For any nation to be recognized as a nation it must have the following components: Sovereignty, People, culture, boundaries and
government
1. Sovereignty
Sovereignty can be defined as the highest power which belongs to the people. National sovereignty means that a nation is free to decide
and implement its decisions without being interfered with by any external forces from other nations. A nation should be able to run its
political, economic and social matters independently.
Importance of National sovereignty
National sovereignty is important because it maintains good relations with other nations through promoting good foreign policies
on matters concerning other nations.
It helps maintain peace and security of a nation through execution of national laws, rules and regulations to prevent civil wars
and conflicts with other nations.
It brings about national stability and encourages investors to invest in a country because a national is free to establish policies
that will encourage local and foreign investors to invest in the country.
Citizens are free from being dominated by other nations because of non-interference in the control of the nation by other
countries.
Hindrances to national sovereignty
Poverty. This is the inability to afford basic needs like food, shelter and clothing which is the main problem faced in many African
countries whereby most are economically poor. This results in African countries depending on developed countries for help through
grants and aid which create conditions that violate the sovereignty of some African countries.
Civil wars. The fighting between ethnic groups within the same nation can affect the freedom of the nation because when the
nation fails to maintain peace and security within the nation, United Nations will intervene to protect human rights.
Natural hazards. Disasters such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions undermine the economies of poor countries which
in turn hinder national sovereignty since the government cannot depend on its own capabilities and needs to ask for assistance
from other countries through aid.
2. Population
Population is the number of people living in a particular defined area. According to the 2010 population survey report, Tanzania has over 40
million people. More than 80% of Tanzania's population lives in rural areas. Tanzania mainland has over 125 ethnic groups. Kiswahili is the
common language and the largest population group is Bantu who occupy approximately two-thirds of the country and are divided into many
tribes. Within the population is where we can find leaders, citizens and the army which protects the country and builds up a strong nation.
3. Boundaries
National boundaries are the dividing lines between the area belonging to Tanzania and the area belonging to her neighboring countries.
Tanzania was formed on the 26th April 1964. On that day, Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form thecountry currently known asTanzania.
Our country Tanzania covers a total area of 945,202 square kilometersand is bordered by man-made and natural boundaries. Natural
boundaries of Tanzania includethe Indian Ocean to the East, Mount Kilimanjaro to the North, Ruvuma River to the South, Lake Nyasa to the
south west, and Lake Victoria to the North and Lake Tanganyika to the West.
Tanzania is bordered by eight nations, namely Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo to the
West, Mozambique to the South, Malawi and Zambia to the South West. The Indian Ocean borders Tanzanian’s Eastern side. The islands of
Zanzibar and Pemba lie along the coast of Tanzania Mainland.
4. The Government
The government is an administrative organ of the state. It consists of elected and selected groups of people who are responsible for
controlling and maintaining the laws and orders of a country. The state has three organs which assist each other in fulfilling its functions.
These organs are:
1. The Executive. The Executive is the main branch of the central government and comprises of the president, the cabinet, civil servants
and armed forces. The Executive is responsible for administering various activities of the government.
2. Judiciary. This organ functions to interpret the laws and make rulings over disputes in the state.
3. Legislature is the law making body of the state. It is the state organ whose members are elected to represent different constituencies.
Some of them are appointed. Legislature is also called parliament and is comprised of the President and the National Assembly. The
President is part of the parliament but not a member of the parliament. This is because the president does not participate in
parliamentary discussions but participates in the process of making laws by signing the bills to become laws.
5. Culture
Refers to the customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. It also includes the people`s way of life and social organization.
TANZANIA'S NATIONAL SYMBOLS
A symbol is a sign that represents something. National symbols are signs which represent a nation. These symbols are very important as
they serve as a reminder of our nationhood to us and to the rest of the world; they promote our culture and remind us about events that
have taken place in our nation. Tanzania has several symbols; these include tangible things like money, flags and the coat of arms, as well as
intangible things like the national anthem and language.
The following are the major national symbols in Tanzania:
1. The national flag
2. Presidential standard
3. The coat of arms
4. National Anthem
5. Uhuru Torch
6. National currency
7. National Language
8. The national Constitution
9. National festivals (holidays) in Tanzania
The Significance of each National Symbol
A. The national flag
A national flag is a piece of cloth with a special colour design. The national flag of Tanganyika was hoisted for the first time on the 9 th
December, 1961 and that of the United Republic of Tanzania was hoisted for the first time on the 26 th April 1964, when Tanganyika and
Zanzibar united to form Tanzania. The main function of the national Flag is to show that Tanzania is a completely independent and
sovereign nation. Our Flag has four colors; Green, Yellow, Black and Blue.
1. Green represents the land and vegetation of Tanzania
2. Blue represents the ocean and other water bodies found in the country
3. Black represents the people of Tanzania
4. Yellow represent the natural wealth of Tanzania, like minerals
Importance of national flag
1. It is a symbol of our independence/sovereignty
2. It is a symbol of freedom and unity of the people
3. The National flag is also a symbol of the nationality and a symbol of Tanzania culture
B. Presidential standard
The presidential standard is a flag which is used during official ceremonies where the president is in attendance. It has a green background
with a blue and the coat of arms in the middle. The coat of arms on the presidential standard has no crops, human figure or the peak of
Mount Kilimanjaro.
C. The coat of arms
The coat of arms is an official seal or stamp of the government which comprises different colors and landmarks of Tanzania. It act as
national badge and, therefore, all government publications bear this official seal. Our coat of arms has twelve components. These
components represent various national interests such as state power, economic bases, national culture and history.
Compositions of the coat of arms
The coat of arms comprises of the following 12 components.
1. Two human fingers: man and woman represent people of Tanzania. The two figure symbolize cooperation between men and women in
bringing development.
2. National flag : The flag as a symbol of national freedom.
3. Uhuru torch: The torch represents national freedom and prosperity.
4. Crossed axe and hoe : These represent the tools which Tanzania used to develop their country.
5. Elephant tusks: As symbol for national resources (plant and animal/wildlife).
6. Shield and spear: As a symbol for tradition weapons of defense.
7. Sea waves: Represent parts of water bodies such as Ocean, river, lake of Tanzania.
8. Cloves and cotton: Stands for cash crops produced in Tanzania.
9. The inscription UHURU NA UMOJA - This means freedom and unity, it is the national moto of the United Republic of Tanzania.
0. Peak of Mount Kilimanjaro: This mount is a source of pride for Tanzania
1. Golden band on the upper part of the shield: Represent the mineral wealth of the country.
2. Red band on the shield: Represent fertile red soil in Tanzania
Importance of Coat of Arm
1. National symbol for Tanzania as a state.
2. It symbolizes state political and economical bases
3. It symbolize our national culture and history
4. A seal of the president and government
5. A symbol of state sovereignty freedom and unity of the people.
D. National Anthem
This is the official song which reflects people`s national feelings, desire, glory and pride in their nationality. The Tanzanian national anthem
is sung during important national occasions such as when a special announcement is made by the president; when foreign heads of states
visit our country; When the president or the vice president and the prime minister visit another country officially, and when our national
teams are playing against teams of other countries; before and after the president addresses the nation; and when the national flag is
hoisted.
The National Anthem of Tanzania.
1. Mungu ibariki Africa
Wabariki viongozi wake
Hekima umoja na amani
Hizi ni ngao zetu
Africa na watu wake
Ibariki A-frica
Ibariki A-frika
Tubariki watoto wa Africa
2. Mungu ibariki Tanzania
Dumisha uhuru na umoja
Wake kwa waume na watoto
Mungu ibariki
Tanzania na watu wake
Ibariki Tanzania
Ibariki Tanzania
Tubariki watoto wa Tanzania
Importance of the national anthem
It is a symbol of our nationality , freedom and it unifies Tanzanians
It makes citizens feel proud of their country
National anthem expresses a sense of belonging to Tanzania and Africa
It identifies Tanzania outside the country.
E. The Uhuru Torch
Is commonly known as the independence torch. Introduce fro the first time by president of Tanzania M.J. Kambarage Nyerere to symbolize
freedom, unity, love, dignity, solidality and hope. It was first lit top of Mount Kilimanjaro at mid night on 9 th December 1961. This was the
day when Tanganyika got independence from Britain. Every year there is the Uhuru torch races. The race starts and ends at different
important points in the country. The torch causes positive social political and economic message.
Significance of Uhuru Torch.
1. It symbolize freedom and light
2. It promotes unity in the country
3. It promotes development through projects initiated during race e.g. school and health centers
4. Promotes peace dignity respect and hope among Tanzanians.
F. National Currency.
Currency is the system of money that a country uses. The Tanzania national currency is Shillings. The value of shilling always appears as
coin/notes. Currency is also called Money. Money is used for measuring value trading and paying for goods and services in a country. It is
also use a means of settling debts.
Importance of National Currency.
1. It is used in buying and selling (Trade transaction)
2. It is used to measure value.
3. It is identity of nationality and freedom.
4. It is a mean of setting debts.
G. National Language
This is the language spoken by all the people within a country. The national language of Tanzania is Kiswahili.
Importance of the national language
1. The national language acts as the media of communication within a county.
2. It symbolizes the culture of the nation concerned which is Tanzania
3. It unifies people with a common history.
4. It also identifies the country internationally
H. National Constitution.
A constitution is the system of laws and basic principles by which the national is governed. Our country is ruled according to the
constitution written 1977 since then it has been undergoing some amendments to suit the contemporary changes.
Importance of National Constitution
1. It is the basic law from which other laws are created.
2. It describes form and content of the Tanganyika government.
3. The government rules by the will of the people through the constitution.
4. It describes clearly the relationship between citizens and state leaders.
5. It shows the structure of the state organs.
6. It states clearly the distributions of power among the state organs.
7. It promotes human rights.
nzania's National Festivals and their Significance
National festivals are special public days created by the state which exempt people from doing any government or official work and
therefore people are expected to rest. In Tanzania these days are called Public holidays.
Civic national festival holidays.
These are special days that commemorate events which have profound meaning politically. Sometimes they are known as civic national
festivals and holidays Political public holidays in Tanzania are;
Independence day – fall on 9 th December each year.
Union day – f a l l o n 26 th April each year.
Zanzibar Revolution – fall on 12 th January each year.
Nane nane day – fall on 8 th August each year.
Mayday (workers day)- fall on 1 st May each year.
Sabasaba day – fall on 7 th July each year
Nyerere day – fall on 14 th October each year
Karume day – fall on 7 th April each year
New year day – fall on every 1 st January.
Religious national holiday and festival
These days are marked by special religious events or festivals according to the beliefs and faith of particular group of people. In Tanzania
there are two dominant religious, namely Christianity and Islamic.
1. Christmas day – fall on 25 December each year.
2. Boxing day – fall on 26 December each year
3. Good Friday and Easter Monday holiday- depends on the Christmas calendar
4. Eid-el-Fitri and Eid-el-Haj pilgrimage to Mecca depends on the sight of the moon according to Muslim.
5. Mauled day – according to Islamic calendar
Universal public days
These are special days for the rest and celebration for all people in the world. These universal holidays are;
1. New Year – falls on 1 st January each year
2. Workers day/ labour day – falls on 1st May each year
Importance of national festivals/ public days
The followings are the Importance of national festivals/ public days;
1) These days mark important events in our country
2) The celebration keep the history alive since Tanzania are reminded of what has taken place in their country
3) During these events leaders pass important information to the public
4) Public celebration provides an opportunity for citizens to meet and share views, experience and knowledge.
5) Celebrating together enhance the unity of Tanzanians.
6) Annual celebrations impart on Tanzanians the culture of commemorating important national events.
7) These events helps the leaders to identify problems in the society as citizens highlight their problems through speeches, posters,
drama or songs.

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The impact of some Social Cultural practise in Africa

Negative Aspects

1. Female Genital mutilation; According to the world Health organization is define as all procedure that involve partial or total removal of the external genitalia or other intentional mutilation of the female genital organs, whether for cultural or any other non therapeutic reason.

2. In inheritance of widows; This is practice of taking a woman (widow) after the death of her husband. This act has negative effective because it can lead to the contracting of the HIV/AIDS if one of the partners is a victim of HIV/AIDS. This act is also a violation of human right because it turns the woman as object of pleasure and sometimes the property of the inherited widow are taken by the new husband and the humans left with nothing.

3. Early and forced marriage; Early marriage is the situation where by a person gets married while he/she is below the legally acceptable age for having marriage i.e below 18 years for a boy, 15 years for a girl. Forced marriage refers to a situation in which a boy or girl is being forced by parents or relatives to get marriage to a person he/she don’t want. This practices is more common to girls than boys. Both early and forced marriages have contributed to several negative effects including marital conflicts which in turn lead to separation and divorce hence leads to an increase of street children.

4. Polygamism; this is the situation whereby on man get married to many wives. This practice can also leads to having many children that parents may fails to take care of them thus end up being street children.

5. Belief in witchcraft; Is common among some illiterate societies has greatly contributed to various negative effects. The notable effect include the killing of the innocent people include the old women with red eyes due to some allegation that they are the one ones who bewitch other people. This practice is very common in area like Shinyanga and Mwanza in Tanzania.

6. The killing of twins and handicapped people, in some tradition societies twins and other people with handicaps such as albino were being killed due to the belief that having such as people in the family or societies was a curse from the God and if such people are left the society will be facing misfortunes. However, in recent years the killing of the albinos has been associated with the belief that some of their body organs bring fortunes to people engaging in various activities such as business, especially in the mining and commercial sector. This belief has contributed much to the killing of albinos in different part of our country.

7. Paying of bride price; Is payment made to the parent of daughter or women who is to be marriage by the person or the family of man who want to marry. The paying of bride price has led to misconception that the married women has been bought just like any other items. As a result of this misconception same man in some societies tend to mistreat their wives.

8. Food taboos; These refer to practices where by women and girls are restricted or forbidden from taking same kind of food varieties especially those, which are delicious and nutritious such as eggs, liver. Chickens etc. These practices may have negative effects on omen health.


IMPACTS OF NEGATIVE ASPECT OF CULTURAL VALUE

Female genital mutilation this can lead to various effects such as;

1. Prolonged bleeding during and after the mutilation.

2. Disturbance of the natural vaginal elasticity during delivery due to the scar left after mutilation

3. Reduction of sexual pleasure during sexual intercourse

4. Spread of sexually Transmitted infection because the instrument used are not sterilized and are used by the whole group being circumcised

5. Death because of excessive bleeding and STI’S Such as AIDS/HIV

Gender biases can lead to;

· Unequal distribution of powers in a community

· Women being left out in areas of development

· Lack of spirit of competition hence poor performance

· Few women in managerial and decision making levels

· Violence and aggression.

Belief and practices of witchcraft can lead to;

· Transmission of STI'S

· Despise modern health services

· Family conflict.

· Unnecessary death

Inheritance of spouse (widow) can lead to;

· Contact of STI'S

· Conflicts

Early marriages can lead to;

· Toxemia

· Long difficult labour

· Blocked birth which may damage the bladder, vagina and womb

· Deaths

Polygamy can lead to;

· Rapid population increase

· Transition of STI'S

· Death

· Street dwellers.

Forced marriage may lead to;

· Family conflicts

· Contracting of STI'S

Bride price can lead to;

· Violation of sexual human rights

· Forced marriage with its accompanied impact

· Domestic violence

The most outstanding gender concept among other includes the following;

Gender discrimination; It is the situation in which one kind of the sex in the society is denied of its right and opportunities simply because of belong to that sex category.

Gender oppression; It is the situation whereby a certain sexual category is treated harshly or oppressed simply because it belong to that category for example giving heavy tasks and depriving of their important social needs.

Gender gap; It is an inequality in job accessibility between two different sexes. Culturally, some societies give men the first priority to job opportunities than women. This situation prevails in both public and private sector in many developing countries, including Tanzania where whereby most attractive and highly paying job are occupied by men.

Gender inequality; Is a situation whereby a certain kind of sex in a society is given priority in all aspect of life at the expense of another sex. For example inmost African societies women are marginalized in all sphere of life while men are favored.

Gender equity; This is the principle of fairness and justice that advocate gender equality such as principle include making of laws which prevent men from undermining and denying them of their rights.

Gender equality; This refers to a situation whereby there is no kind of practice which undermines a certain sex. It is the situation whereby there is equal treatment of both male and female in all aspects of their lives.

Gender analysis; It is the systematic efforts to identify, analyze, document and understand the roles of men and women within a given context. It is about who does what, who has access to and control over what, benefits from what etc.

Gender sensitive planning; It is the planning that considers both women and men in term of needs. These needs are planned equally. Generally, there are has been some effort for discouraging bad cultural practices that undermine women worldwide. Due to these efforts, the people consciousness about gender equality have been raised hence, made to see the importance of analyzing gender, formulation principle of enhancing gender equality and waged war against the multicultural practices such as child labour and female Genital Mutilation.

Gender Mainstreaming; This refers to ideas about a given gender that are considered ordinary or normal, hence, accepted by most people in societies. It is a global strategy for promoting gender equality. Mainstreaming involves insuring that gender perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities, policy development, research resource allocation, planning implementation and monitoring of programmers and project.

Gender stereo typing; This refer to people perception and attitudes create by the socialization institution

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Social Cultural practise which affect women in Africa

Negative Aspects

1. Female Genital mutilation; According to the world Health organization is define as all procedure that involve partial or total removal of the external genitalia or other intentional mutilation of the female genital organs, whether for cultural or any other non therapeutic reason.

2. In inheritance of widows; This is practice of taking a woman (widow) after the death of her husband. This act has negative effective because it can lead to the contracting of the HIV/AIDS if one of the partners is a victim of HIV/AIDS. This act is also a violation of human right because it turns the woman as object of pleasure and sometimes the property of the inherited widow are taken by the new husband and the humans left with nothing.

3. Early and forced marriage; Early marriage is the situation where by a person gets married while he/she is below the legally acceptable age for having marriage i.e below 18 years for a boy, 15 years for a girl. Forced marriage refers to a situation in which a boy or girl is being forced by parents or relatives to get marriage to a person he/she don’t want. This practices is more common to girls than boys. Both early and forced marriages have contributed to several negative effects including marital conflicts which in turn lead to separation and divorce hence leads to an increase of street children.

4. Polygamism; this is the situation whereby on man get married to many wives. This practice can also leads to having many children that parents may fails to take care of them thus end up being street children.

5. Belief in witchcraft; Is common among some illiterate societies has greatly contributed to various negative effects. The notable effect include the killing of the innocent people include the old women with red eyes due to some allegation that they are the one ones who bewitch other people. This practice is very common in area like Shinyanga and Mwanza in Tanzania.

6. The killing of twins and handicapped people, in some tradition societies twins and other people with handicaps such as albino were being killed due to the belief that having such as people in the family or societies was a curse from the God and if such people are left the society will be facing misfortunes. However, in recent years the killing of the albinos has been associated with the belief that some of their body organs bring fortunes to people engaging in various activities such as business, especially in the mining and commercial sector. This belief has contributed much to the killing of albinos in different part of our country.

7. Paying of bride price; Is payment made to the parent of daughter or women who is to be marriage by the person or the family of man who want to marry. The paying of bride price has led to misconception that the married women has been bought just like any other items. As a result of this misconception same man in some societies tend to mistreat their wives.

8. Food taboos; These refer to practices where by women and girls are restricted or forbidden from taking same kind of food varieties especially those, which are delicious and nutritious such as eggs, liver. Chickens etc. These practices may have negative effects on omen health.

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What are the social Cultural values that do not affects women in Africa

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECT OF OUR CULTURAL VALUES

Positive aspects

1) Respect and hospitality; Refer to polite behavior that a person has towards other especially those he/she thinks are older or important to him/ her. For example in many societies the children are taught various way through which they should show respect. Those include greeting, receiving and handling property. How to talk to the elder etc. Through these way children grow up knowing how well they can behave in their families and community at large.

2) Caring for other people and property; Among the people who may need special care in the society are children, old people, disabled, the sick people and other people with special problem. It is a positive cultural value to help people belonging to the mentioned group to get various services because they are the most disadvantages.

3) Proper dressing; As one of the important cultural value proper dressing helps to maintain ones personality. It makes people look smart and acceptable to other member of the society. Currently in many societies there is an increase of parent outcry over the whole issue of indecent dressing among the youth. This problem is associated with the ongoing globalization process which among other things contribute to the decline in moral is the societies and more particular to the youth.

4) Hard working; This is another positive cultural value, certainly because through hardworking the people in the societies are able to produce more and better quality goods and service for the individual and national development.

5) Accountability and transparency; Refer to a situation in which a person is held responsible for a certain task assigned to him/her and she /he may be expected to give satisfactory explanations concerning that task if there is any to need so. Transparency for that matter it means openness or without secret. Accountability and transparency are therefore important cultural value that should be promoted by the society.0nce these are observed the society expectation and wishes can be easily met.

6) Honest; This refer to a state of person being fair and trustful. It is another important cultural value that any society is supported to impart to its member .If this value is successfully imparted to the society member the immoral practices such as corruption, theft, embezzlement of public found etc. can be minimized.

7) Patriotism; This refers to a situation in which one loved his/ her country. Patriotism is an important cultural aspect since it enables the member of a given country to participate fully in the development activities in their country. Because of the love for their country people can even be ready to die for it.

8) Co-operation or participation in various social activities; Is important culture value because it helps to create unity and increase strength towards accomplishment of certain task for the sake of attaining common goals in the society.

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The meaning of culture and its Element

CULTURE

December 26, 2017 0


What is culture?

Culture is the total way of life in a given society.

Is a phenomenon that is practiced by all societies in the world. As a universal phenomenon it has bees held as a mankind asset which un-holds and perpetuates his time announced virtues. Culture links the past and present and synthesize man achievement and as nation.


Culture can be defined as a total way of life of particular society in a given time and environment as a total way of life it embraces all that has been created by man excluding all that has been given to him by nature. Therefore it includes thing like art and craft, language, education, politics, beliefs, technology, symbol, value, norms, customs, tradition and many others.

Culture is acquired or absorbed by man through living and participate in the cultural life of his group and changed by contact which outside cultures or inspiration from within.


IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE

The notable importance of culture include the following;

1. First, through culture a society passes on the knowledge, skill and wisdom from the elders to the young generation. Culture for that matter is used as a medium of bringing up the young to become respectable member of their society. Such knowledge and skill are passed on to the young generation through various cultural activities such as initiation ceremonies.

2. Another importance of culture is that teaches the youth about various social values such as language, taboos and beliefs of the societies. It can also inculcate political and economic values and beliefs of the societies. It can also inculcates political and economic values of the society

3. Third importance of culture is that, it serves as an identity of a particular society. Culture helps one society to be easily identified from other societies, or a nation from other nation. For example people from Tanzania can easily be identified from other people of East Africa simply because of the fluent speaking of Kiswahili language when compared with people from Kenya and Uganda. Maasai people can be identified from other people just because of their style of dressing known as "LUBEGA" and the way they plait or cut hairs which is quite different from other societies.

4. Fourthly, culture is importance because it helps to promote unity among the people. It binds people together as one society or nation. This becomes possible because of the same culture value that the member of the particular society share together such value includes things like language, taboos, customs etc.

5. The fifth importance of culture is that it exposes the younger to tasks similar those of their elders. This is achieved through such things initiation ceremonies where both the girl and the boys are given special training concerning with proper morals of their societies. Another place where the young ones learn various tasks similar to that of their elder is in the family. Family as the first institution of socialism play a significant role in educating the young ones about various task similar to those of their family member and their society in general.

6. Through work of art culture can serve as a means of providing people with enjoyment or entertainment. For examples various kinds of tradition dances, music, sport and games etc. are used for entertainment people after long period of work or passing through hard or difficulties such as war, hunger etc. Cultural traditional dances, music and game are also used to entertain people during various ceremonies such as wedding birthday and many others.

7. Lastly, culture equips the young people with insightful knowledge concerning with bad and good cultural practices. This help to refrain them from bad cultural that might have a bad impact to them.

ASPECT OF CULTURE

Culture consists of two main aspects;


1. · Material culture

2. · Intellectual culture/ non material culture

1. MATERIAL CULTURE

Material culture refers to tangible or physical artifacts (objects) made by human being. They include such things like spears, cooking pots, houses, coins, computer, stools, sofa sets and many others. These cultural objects reflect the nature of the society in which they were made. Material culture shows the extent to which man has achieved in mastering the nature. Such achievement include the level reached in the production of the instruments of labour, the technical skills developed, the scientific organization of labour, the availability of everyday needs of human and many others achievements.

2. INTELLECTUAL CULTURE/NON-MATERIAL CULTURE

Non - material culture: These are intangible or abstract creations of human society. They include such things like values, beliefs, symbols, norms, language and institutional arrangements.

ELEMENT OF CULTURE

The following are the element of culture;


· Cooperation

· Language

· Law

· Customs

· Tradition

· Ideology

· Recreation

· Art and creation

· Norms

· Fashion

There are ten element of culture

i) Cooperation

These elements manifest themselves in physical and social bond of the society in various activities. It gives chances for members to learn and do things together in community e.g. harvesting, initiation ceremonies

ii) Norms and laws

Law is a deliberately from adopted rules of behavior that are enforced by spend authority.

Are social rules that guide behavior. They specify the behavior that is appropriate or not in a given society. Norms give as guideline an hour we should act so that we can get with our daily activity. Norms have to categories Mores and Folkways.

· Mores- Are those norms which society considers them to be of great Moral significance. Those who violate them are defined as sinful, evil, wicked and offender. The punishment to them is various including death, imprisonment torture e.c.t. Such more that may lead to harsh punishment are also called taboos e.g. murder, treason, rape, theft e.c.t.

· Folkways- these are customary and habitual ways by which the members of a group do things. Folkways are considered as less important norms in which the violators of them get mild punishment. Example of the common folkways is time for appointment, greetings and washing clothes.

iii) Arts and crafts

As elements of culture arts are expression, which reflect feelings attitude and the level of development of a given society as struggling for existence and survival in a particular environment. These achievements could either be bound, political or economic ones.

· Craft- Refers to the objects fashioned or created and used by a particular society example of craft include furniture, clay pots, baskets, sculptures, graphics and many others. Crafts can also reflect the cultural values and technology of the concerned society.

iv) Recreation

Reaction means relaxing and amusing work makes the body and mind to get tired so that mean med a roast. E.g. To participates in sports and games or dance hand: of show ground where sports and games are formed.

v) Ideology

Is a systematized and interconnected set of ideas about the social- economic and political organization of society as a whole. It contains ideals, ends purposes that a society should pursue. Ideology lay down the principle and condition to be followed by given society.

vi) Tradition

Traditions resemble custom they are experienced of the past are inherited by a society and they are unchangeable. Examples Marriage, funeral ceremonies, family care and courtship, sport and game.

vii) Language

Is a socially structured system of sound patterns, written words or signs with specific and arbitrary meaning used by a society for communication. It has a major role of creating interaction between and among people in short it binds the separate human lives together. Language is the most distinctive and complex achievement of human beings it is used to express physical and spiritual wishes.

viii) Customs

Customs these are pattern of habit, transmitted from one generation to another generation such customs include foods, clothes, shelter, argument, education, worship, names, greeting, love another generation such customs include foods, clothes, shelter, argument, education, worship, names, greeting, love and beauty obedience.

ix) Values

Is abstract idea of what is described correct and good that most member of a society share. They are conceptions or standards by which members of a society evaluate people, objects and events as to the relative worth, merit, beauty or morality. Value is used by the member of society to distinguish the desirable from the undesirable, what is good and bad the beautiful from the ugly.

x) Fashion

Are highly passing pattern of behavior fashion allows many change in norms Example Arts dressing etc.


THE IMPORTANCE OF EACH ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

1) Language

Is an important in element of culture because it is used as a medium of communication in the society. It can also serve as an identify of a given society in particular or nation in general. For example Kiswahili language in Tanzania.

2) Traditions

Some tradition such as marriages and burial ceremonies play a key role of uniting people together when the meet to conduct or cerebrating the event.

3) Norms

Are social rule that guide behavior they specify the behavior that is appropriate or not in a given situation, norms a given as guideline on how we should act or not act not act on our daily activities.

4) Value

Help society to adopt acceptable behavior shape and individual personalities. A decent dressing for instance, can mark some one look smart and presentable in a certain occasion like wedding ceremony.

5) Ideology

Is important because it enables that society to explain, justify and order several existential condition which would otherwise prove impossible to explain .It also serves as mean for self identification for individual and group that adhere to it.

6) Art and creative

Are used by the people to express their feeling or attitude toward a certain events. The feeling can be expressed through such things like song, drama, picture e.t.c,. Other forms of arts such as painting and drawing are used for decorations.

7) Custom

Used by different societies are very important to the members of that particular society. Among other things are used to represent various object and events to the people.

8) Recreation

Provide household with necessary material such as furniture, pots, which are daily, also some of them can be sold to earn people income.

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Ways in which the Zanzibar Revolution brought about positive changes in the living conditions of the people of Isles.

Ways in which the Zanzibar Revolution brought about positive changes in the living conditions of the people of Isles.

1. Increased access to education. The revolutionary government built schools and colleges for the people of Zanzibar and provided free education to college level.

2. Restoration of land to the services of Africans. The government nationalized most plantations that were owned by Arabs and restored to indigenous people.

3. Promotion of Africans participation in politics and governance. The revolutionary government ensured peoples participation in political and governance responsibilities.

4. Improved housing. The revolutionary government took the drastic measures to improve the living conditions of the people of Zanzibar by building good houses for workers and other people, i.e houses built in Michenzani, Kilimani, Kikwajuni etc.

5. Improvement of means of infrastructure. The revolution government constructed roads and bought ships to facilitate marine transport from Zanzibar to Tanganyika and other destination.

6. Improved health services. Hospital and dispensaries were built across Zanzibar and to this date the campaign for improving the health standards of the people of Zanzibar is ongoing.

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Reasons why Zanzibar attained her indepence through Revolution

DECOLONIZATION THROUGH REVOLUTION IN ZANZIBAR.


Revolution is the discontent reaction through violence exercised by the majority of the country population in order to gain recognition or reform when legal and moderate means of political or social changes fails. OR


Is complete overthrow of an existing government or a way of life in an country or state by those who were previously subjected to it. Zanzibar revolution occurred in 1964 and led by John Okello.


British granted independence to Zanzibar in December 1963 under the constitution which left Arabs Sultan as the head of the state. The government of independent Zanzibar was formed by the coalition of the political parties led by the Arabs ruling minority and other two smaller parties representing the African majority population which was Afro Shiraz Part (ASP) and Zanzibar and Pemba Peoples Party (ZPPP), which later the majority African political parties resorted the employment of violent means as the diplomatic process could not alter the old regime because the Arabs dominant rule repressed all the opposition by the force of arms.


Reasons of Zanzibar Revolution

1. Historical differences, popular grievances and dissatisfaction between the Arabs and the Africans in Zanzibar. Ever since 1841 when Seyyid Said established Arabs administration and clove plantation in Zanzibar the rapport between Africans and the Arabs never became amicable. This inharmonious system instigated the Africans to struggle to achieve some meaningful status through revolution.

2. Monopoly of the trade. The trade life in Zanzibar has been monopolized by Asians as they directed commerce, finance and the intermediary states of civil services affairs. Hence Arabs became the leader of economy while Africans remains as watch dog.

3. Role played by John Okello. He was from Northern Uganda, a Lango by tribe. He was an official of ASP on Pemba Island. He developed a belief as early as 1961 of involving himself in a revolutionary army and from January 11-12, 1964 attained his aim.

4. Overexploitation of African resources. These were ongoing bitter mass exploitation. This group developed greater grievances against the Arabs as the matter they joined with thealready disgruntled peasants to start a revolution.

5. Growing different political parties and their antagonistic ideologies. By 1957, two parties were dominating the politics of Zanzibar that were ZNP and ASP of Karume. In 1959 new political party was formed that were ZPPP which encouraged membership of all races. From 1957-1963 four elections were convened on non-discriminatory voting. Through these elections, the Africans learnt a lesson that independence would not be achieved by constitutional means, hence they resorted to employ violence method.

6. Effects of British colonial legacy. Due to Arabs friendly coordination with the British and through indirect rule policy they divided societies into two classes i.e disadvantageous (Africans) and favored (Arabs). This created Arabs to dominate the government at the time of Independence, culminating in the Revolution of 1964.

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Countries which attained independence through combination Method : Decolonization through combination method

DECOLONIZATION THROUGH THE COMBINATION OF METHODS ZIMBABWE.


Zimbabwe nationalism took different forms. The well-known form was war of resistance, protest movements, Mass nationalism and armed struggle.


The Early Resistance


The early resistance was wagged by Mashona and Ndebele following the arrival of the white settlers in Zimbabwe in 1890. The strong resistance took place in 1896/97 which was known as Chimulenga war. The Chimulenga uprising was caused by forced labor, taxation, land alienation, confiscation of cattle by the white settlers etc.


The Protest/Political Movement


The political activities in Zimbabwe started to develop in 1920-1940's following the establishment of various associations and trade unions which protested European oppression and exploitation. Because of poor education system for Africans in Zimbabwe political leadership often came from immigrants especially from South Africa and Malawi. Among the protest movements were;

a) Rhodesian Bantu Liters Association (RBVA) formed in 1923 by Abraham Twala a South African.

b) Industrial Commercial Workers Union (ICW) formed in 1920 by Robert Sambo, a Malawian.

c) Southern Rhodesian African Congress (SRANC) formed in 1934 under the leadership of Aaron Jacha, South African.


The Rise of Mass Nationalism


Mass Nationalism in Zimbabwe began around 1950’s; it started as an opposition of Africans against the formation of Central African Federation, an association formed by British in 1953 so as to federate all central African countries dominated by white settlers. At this stage African decided to establish political parties which could demand political Independence through constitution means.


Political Parties in Zimbabwe.


Many political parties were formed during the struggle for Independence most of them based on tribal groups thus Africans in Zimbabwe were divided in different political parties such as;

a) ANC -African National Congress, formed in 1957 by Joshua Inkomo in 1959 the movement was burned by settler government.

b) NDP- National Democratic Party. It was formed in 1960 by Joshua Inkomo also it was burned by the settler government in 1961.

c) ZAPU - Zimbabwe African Party Union, It was formed in 1961 by Joshua Inkomo, in its activities ZAPU organized different activities such as strikes and demonstrations, for this reason it was burned in 1962.

d) ZANU- Zimbabwe African National Union, It was formed in 1963 under the leadership of Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole and Robert Mugabe. This political party wanted to use armed struggle in the whole country.


With all these struggles on November 11th 1965 the white minority in Zimbabwe under Iron Smith decreed illegally the Rhodesian Independence under the so-called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) without consulting the British who made the state over the colony. The independence was declared illegally by settlers so as to be free from any British control. The Independence was of one side and it was called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), which was to collapse fifteen years later. UDI had an effect to Africans which forced ZAPU and ZANU to launch armed because;

· It increased white supremacy over African

· It intensified exploitations

· It burned all political parties

· It imprisoned the nationalistic leaders

Armed Struggle


Actual armed struggle in Zimbabwe began in 1960 and it was facilitated by the military living of ZAPU and ZANU which were known as ZIPRA and ZANLA respectively. The movement of these military livings took the form of Guerilla warfare by using neighboring land such as Zambia, Mozambique and Angola. The struggle was intensified from 1976 following the alliance between ZAPU and ZANU which formed the Patriotic Front (P.F).


Reasons for armed struggle in Zimbabwe

1. Zimbabwe had a lot of settlers who occupied large areas of fertile land. These settlers were not ready to leave the land and grant independence. This situation led the black people to engage in armed struggle in order to gain their national independence.

2. The peaceful means or constitutional methods failed to work in Zimbabwe, hence it was necessary to use armed struggle in order to regain true political independence.

3. Economically, Zimbabwe was a rich colony; hence the colonizers didn’t easily surrender.

4. Ian Smith, UDI (Unilateral Declaration of Independence) government created in 1965 made the situation more difficult for African majority to gain their independence.

5. The “State of Emergency” in Zimbabwe banned all African political movement like ZANU, ZAPU, ANC and NDP.

6. African nationalist leaders like Joshua Inkomo and others were imprisoned or detained. They were banned to operate political movements peacefully.

7. There was disunity among the African leaders e.g. Bitter tribalistic differences which existed among Bishop Abel Muzolewa, Rev. Ndabaningi, Sithole, Joshua Inkomo and Robert Mugabe.

Factors which contributed to the attainment of Zimbabwe independence.

1. The bodied leadership of Robert Mugabe and Ndabaningi Sithiole. These leaders used effective methods such as negotiation and warfare which led Zimbabwe to attain her independence.

2. Contribution of Mass media such as magazine and newspapers which were used to expose the evils of the colonialists. These Mass Media also educated Africans on the need of majority rule.

3. The contribution made by ZIPRA and ZANLA. These freedom fighters directed their assault on the government. This really shocked the settler and their government as a result they arose peaceful negotiation with African.

4. The release of Joshua Nkomo and Ndabaningi Sithole from the prison. They invigorated the people with new morale to fight for their independence.

5. The role played by organization of African Union (OAU). OAU members fought in supporting Zimbabwe nationalists, e.g. Kenya, Zambia and Tanzania were used as the home of liberation movements of Zimbabwean.

6. The independence of Angola and Mozambique in 1975 rejuvenated the morale of the freedom fighter of Zimbabwe. Angola and Mozambique were used as the base for organizing the attacks.

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Reasoms why most of African Countries attained their independence through Armed struggle

DECOLONIZATION THROUGH ARMED STRUGGLE


Armed struggle is the struggle for freedom through the use of arms and is based on the struggle for political independence in Africa countries. In Africa armed struggle was employed by many of the settler and the former Portuguese colonies.


Why Portuguese colonies achieved Independence through armed struggle?


Portugal had three colonies in Africa namely, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau and Angola and these entire colonies attained independence through armed struggle due to the following reasons;

1. Denial of the basic social services such as health and education to Africans. Many people in Portuguese colonies had no education and access to other social services. Example Out of 7827 school learners only 636 was Africans. Also out of 321 students in Universities only 4 were Africans. Therefore it was estimated that more than 85% of Africans were illiterate. This also made Africans to resort to the use of armed struggle in order to remove the exploiter in their land.

2. Disunity among the Africans in the sense that nationalistic leaders as in case of Angola where MPLA led by Augustino Netto, UNITA by Jonas Savimbi and FNLA of Holden Roberto were all fighting for nationalism.

3. Portuguese was a semi- colony of British. The Portuguese being poor were under the control of British who had asked on exploiting of agricultural and minerals raw materials. The imperialist’s manpower supported the Portuguese to strengthen their root in the colonies hence to uproot them was only through armed struggle.

4. The colonial economic grievances. African was against land alienation, forced labour, racial discrimination etc. so they wanted to send back Portuguese to their home.

5. Assassination of the nationalistic leaders such as Eduardo Mondlane in Mozambique. This also catalyzed the fighting against the Portuguese.

6. Presence of many settlers, Portuguese colonies had so many settlers who controlled the sphere of life of Africans. This created difficult condition for peaceful means to take place.

Decolonization through Armed struggle in Mozambique


Mozambique like any other African countries began the struggle for justice in 1920's and they started with Elite Associations. In 1920's the Gremio Africanas Association for Secondary School Students and African Association were founded which faced strong resistance from the Portuguese power. It was not until 1960's that the Africans in Mozambique under Portuguese rule managed to form nationalistic political organization including;

· National Democratic Union of Mozambique (UDENAMO) formed in 1960 in Southern Rhodesia.

· The Mozambique African National Union (MANU) formed in Kenya in 1961, and

· African Union of Independent Mozambique (UNAMI) formed in 1961 in Nyasaland (Malawi)

These all parties operated outside Mozambique because it was been banned and there was no way out and in 1961 they shifted their headquarter to Dar es Salaam. In 1962, a group of exile Mozambicans met in Dar es Salaam and merged their parties to form one party called Front for Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) under Eduardo Mondlane who was assassinated in 1969 with a Parcel bombs while in Da es Salaam.


Strategies used by Portuguese colonial state to weaken the FRELIMO struggle.

a) They terrorized villages hoping that they would stop supporting guerrilla fighters, Villagers were evicted from villages and concentrated into camps.

b) Destruction of farms and crops.

c) Burning of houses in villages

d) Massacre of people.

e) Assassination of key leaders of the struggle for independence i.e Eduardo Mondlane


Even though the Portuguese weakened FRELIMO but the party concentrated its attacks in strategic areas like in settler farms, railways lines, power installations and Portuguese military posts. By 1974 FRELIMO already had one-third control of Mozambique; this declined Portuguese morale to fight as FRELIMO proved its strength toward them.


Challenges that faced FRELIMO during the independence struggle.

1. Internal division within the movement. Some members at a certain point thought that it was better to compromise with the Portuguese i.e. Vice president of FRELIMO, Urina Simango and Lazaro Korindame who joined the Portuguese government.

2. The biggest church in Mozambique, the Catholic church supported the Portuguese and condemned FRELIMO

3. Opposition from the Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique (COREMO). This part broke away from FRELIMO because FRELIMO growing socialist learning.

4. Assassination of Eduardo Mondlane weakened the FRELIMO.

In 15th June 1975 Mozambique became independent under President SamoraMachel due to peace talk held in Lusaka Zambia in 1974.

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Factors which made Ghana to get her indepence earlier than Other Countries in Africa.

Decolonization through Constitutional Means in Ghana


Ghana mass nationalism began in 1940’s with the formation of political parties which demanded political independence through peacefully means, the political parties which were formed include;

· The United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)

This was formed by J.B Ndaguah in 1947 and Dr. Kwame Nkrumah becomes the general secretary. The party was formed as the result of “Burns Constitution” which was introduced by Sir Allan Burns who was a governor by the time. In this constitution, it provided that the majority of members in the Legislative would be the Africans but the result was vice versa. This is because the Africans were not given the chances to make law and decisions matter in the Legislative council. For example, out of 18 seats were chiefs elected by their fellow chiefs (the support of British). Therefore the formation of UGCC was to oppose it and demand for independence.

· Convection People’s Party (CPP)

This was formed by radical group which broke away from UGCC under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah in 1948. CPP become a popular party which was supported by people found in rural areas and town dwellers. Its struggle for independence was done through the following methods;

a. The use of youth as its political base to conduct a national wide strike against the constitution and the government.

b. The party had a newspaper called “The Accra Evening News” which spread the message that demanded independence of Ghana immediately.

c. It conducted mass rallies were by CPP use two powerful slogans such as “Seek first the political kingdom and all things shall be ended into it” and “Self-government Now”. However the Britain were threatened by the party hence they later imprison many of its leaders and burned its activities including the party news (Accra Evening News).

· The Northern People’s Party (NPP)

This was formed in 1954 but it was a work party among all the parties which were formed.


Generally, the struggle between these political parties led to holding elections for independence, e.g. the Election took place in 1951 and CPP won 33 seats against 3 seats of UGCC. At this period Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was released from the jail to form a government in 1952, in the Gold Coast, in 1956 there were more election where CPP won 71 seats and 33 seats were won by the opposition. On 6th march 1957, Gold Coast became independent taking the name of the ancient Ghana Empire in 1960 Ghana became republic with Kwame Nkrumah being the president.


Reasons for the success of CPP

1. Good leadership of Kwame Nkrumah as he managed to unite all people to struggle for independence.

2. The party received much support from the peasants who comprised the big number of the population (The oppressed or exploited group)

3. The use of slogan like “Self Government Now”. This was understood for all people as they knew that CPP was struggling for African government.

Why Ghana achieved independence earlier.

1. Good leadership. It had strong leadership such as CPP under Kwame Nkrumah.

2. There was no tribalism from the CPP united all people in their struggle for independence.

3. There were no settler in Ghana; therefore Ghana had no strong opposition from the white population hence it successfully gained her full independence in earlier 1957, thus being the first country in African to attain independence.

4. The use of youth in nationalistic struggles of CPP, the youth were employed because had ability to walk for long time and distances in the process of spreading nationalistic ideas.

5. The use of good slogan example “Self Government Now” and “Seek first the political kingdom and all things shall be ended into it”

6. The CPP had clear policies and elaborative programs that promised to serve the people from the bitter price of cocoa, higher payment to workers and getting rid of colonialism.

Contribution of Ghana in Nationalistic Struggle in other African countries.

1. The independence of Ghana was an inspiration to other African countries, example. Other African countries like Tanganyika and others nationalist used Kwame Nkrumah as their model to fight for independence.

2. Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah strengthened Pan-Africanism movement which opposed colonialism. Example. In April 1958 all independent states like Libya, Ethiopia, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia etc. were invited to meet Accra to pay down plans which could be used to help other countries get their independence.

3. Kwame Nkrumah was a person who advocated for the united states of Africa and African unity. These ideas led to the formation of OAU which later became an organization which opposed colonialism in many countries.

4. Sometimes Ghana gave moral and material support to other non-independent states Ghana gave money to Malawi (Nyasaland) and Belgium Congo to fight for independence.

Decolonization through Constitutional Means in Nigeria


Decolonization process in Nigeria went together with the formation of political parties by Africans after the WWII. These political parties replaced the social and welfare Associations such the peoples union of 1908 which had protested against the water rate in Lagos and the Nigerian used movement which had earlier campaigned for bitter representation on the LEGCO, improved Africans living conditions and higher salaries for workers in 1934.


Mass Nationalism after WWII in Nigeria aimed at political independence through the use of peaceful method in which political parties held decisions with the colonialist and pressed the British government to provide independence to the Nigerians. There were a number of political parties that were formed almost after the WWII this included the following;


i. The National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC)


This was formed in 1944 by Dr Nandi Azikiwe and Herbert Maculay. It was supported by the workers mainly from the Igbo in Eastern Nigeria since 1951 when the leaders of Igbo had quarrels with the Yoruba.


ii. The Northern People’s Party (NPP)


This was formed in 1951 by the Hausa-Fulani living on the north; many of its supporters were the Muslims who struggled for the domination of the well-developed Christians in the south. Its leader was Al-haji Sir Abubakar Tajawa Balewa.


iii. The Action Group (AG)


This was mainly supported by the Yoruba and represented the interests of the western Nigeria. The political party struggled for independence in order to liberate the westerners from colonial exploitation. The movement of all these political parties against the British led to the making of constructions which prepared Nigeria for independence.


The constitutions that led to independence of Nigeria.


Generally, when Nigeria showed that it was struggling for independence on the basis of tribal misunderstanding, to bring unity between political parties there were the constitutional which were made;


a. THE RICHARD’S CONSTITUTION


It was made in 1946 by the British government after NCNC organized a strike against social hardship after the WWII. The constitution provided the following;

· Election of central legislative for the North and South which were ruled separately before 1946.

· Bringing changes to the majority of the members who were not in the government to be in the legislative council.

· The legislative council to be able to make a law for the whole country which was divided in four regions, such as the North, South, West and East.

· The executive council in the constitution which had effort to strive for total independence.

b. MACPHERSON’S CONSTITUTION

It was made by the new governor in 1951. This constitution brought about some changes on the former constitution.

c. LYTTELTON CONSTITUTION

It was made in 1954 following the conference held in London where the conference created a federal constitution which gave more powers to regional governments and their legislature.


Elections which led to the independence in Nigeria.


1. The first Federal Election on 1954


In this election NCNC made a coalition government where by Al-haji Sir Abubakar Tajawa Balewa, a leader of NPP became the prime minister of Federal Government of Nigeria. In 1957 he provided a chance to the Action Group (AG) in order to get the government of national unity.


2. The second Election of 1959


In this election ethnic division were much higher. NPP won in the North, Action Group (AG) in the west and NCNC in the east. This trend made Nigeria achieve her independence under ethnic division which led to violence and civil wars in the first ten years after independence. On 1st October 1960 Nigeria got full independence from British where by Dr. Nandi Azikiwe of NCNC became the first president while Tajawa Balewa of NPP was the first Prime minister.


Problems that faced Nigerian’s nationalist struggle.

1. Tribalism. The political parties which were formed, struggled for independence along the tribal lines, Example. NPP struggled for the Northerners while AG struggled for the westerners on the Yoruba.

2. Vastness of the country. Nigeria was big in size and had diverse settlements of its people. It was not easy for the nationalist to move around the country.

3. Religious conflicts. The people of the north were mainly Muslims who did not like to join with the south Christians who developed more than Muslims.

4. Opposition from the colonial government. Since the British wanted to exploit raw materials, markets, cheap labour etc. they obviously put obstacles which would provide long time for Nigerians to achieve independence.

5. Shortage of money, the nationalists had no enough money because they came from a poor class of people e.g. They could not be able to afford payments for the transport to the rallies against colonial government.

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